Table 5.
Performance measures, quality of life, and risk of adverse outcomes of participants in different frailty and cognitive status according to baseline CMMSE language and praxis score.a
| Robust |
Pre-frailty |
P/OR(95% CI)† |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | No cognitive impairment(1) (n = 1,090) |
Cognitive impairment(2) (n = 918) |
No cognitive impairment(3) (n = 721) |
Cognitive impairment(4) (n = 762) |
(1 vs. 4) | (2 vs. 4) | (3 vs. 4) |
| Physical performance at year 4b | |||||||
| Grip strength, kg | 29.51 ± 8.22 | 26.20 ± 7.28 | 26.05 ± 7.80 | 23.36 ± 7.27 | 0.094 | 0.069 | 0.944 |
| Gait speed, m/s | 1.02 ± 0.21 | 0.95 ± 0.21 | 0.91 ± 0.23 | 0.83 ± 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.037 | 0.038 |
| Five chair stand, s | 9.42 ± 3.19 | 10.29 ± 3.99 | 11.06 ± 4.95 | 12.35 ± 6.72 | 0.001 | 0.246 | 0.901 |
| Cognitive performance at year 4b | |||||||
| Global cognitive functioning | |||||||
| CMMSE total score | 27.32 ± 2.74 | 25.63 ± 3.50 | 26.83 ± 3.11 | 25.32 ± 3.52 | 0.012 | 0.532 | 0.851 |
| Domain-specific cognition | |||||||
| CMMSE time orientation score <5 | 131 (13.88) | 192 (25.20) | 98 (17.66) | 161 (28.35) | 2.08 (1.51, 2.88) | 1.22 (0.91, 1.64) | 1.28 (0.94, 1.76) |
| CMMSE place orientation score <5 | 211 (22.35) | 202 (26.51) | 159 (28.65) | 190 (33.45) | 1.30 (0.98, 1.73) | 1.17 (0.88, 1.54) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.25) |
| CMMSE registration score <3 | 13 (1.38) | 36 (4.72) | 22 (3.96) | 24 (4.23) | 3.51 (1.49, 8.27) | 0.83 (0.44, 1.55) | 0.88 (0.46, 1.68) |
| CMMSE attention/calculation score <5 | 325 (34.43) | 403 (52.89) | 214 (38.56) | 302 (53.17) | 1.63 (1.24, 2.12) | 1.08 (0.82, 1.41) | 1.28 (0.98, 1.68) |
| CMMSE delayed recall score <3 | 326 (34.53) | 328 (43.04) | 211 (39.82) | 256 (45.07) | 1.55 (1.19, 2.01) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.32) | 1.21 (0.93, 1.56) |
| CMMSE language and praxis score <9 | 434 (45.97) | 512 (67.19) | 296 (53.33) | 411 (72.36) | 2.41 (1.53, 3.80) | 1.14 (0.87, 1.50) | 1.70 (1.07, 2.69) |
| Adverse outcomes at year 4–12b | |||||||
| Poor quality of life (SF-12 PCS) at year 4 | 204 (21.61) | 184 (24.15) | 152 (27.39) | 220 (38.73) | 1.82 (1.36, 2.42) | 1.69 (1.28, 2.24) | 1.65 (1.24, 2.19) |
| Poor quality of life (SF-12 MCS) at year 4 | 175 (18.54) | 150 (19.69) | 118 (21.26) | 147 (25.88) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.49) | 1.36 (1.00, 1.86) | 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) |
| Incident physical limitation at year 4 | 215 (22.78) | 235 (30.84) | 178 (32.07) | 240 (42.25) | 1.91 (1.46, 2.51) | 1.65 (1.27, 2.15) | 1.30 (0.99, 1.71) |
| Increased cumulative hospital stay at year 7 | 166 (15.23) | 161 (17.56) | 184 (25.52) | 197 (25.85) | 1.46 (1.09, 1.94) | 1.32 (1.00, 1.74) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) |
| Mortality over an average of 12 years | 153 (14.04) | 123 (13.40) | 161 (22.33) | 171 (22.44) | 1.14 (0.83, 1.55) | 1.29 (0.95, 1.76) | 0.83 (0.62, 1.10) |
Data are reported as either number (percentage) or mean ± SD.
aCognitive impairment was defined by a CMMSE language and praxis score of <9.
bAnalyses were based on valid cases observed for grip strength (n = 2,798), gait speed (n = 2,821), five chair stand (n = 2,789), CMMSE, SF-12 and incident physical limitation (n = 2,829), increased cumulative hospital stay (n = 3,490), and mortality (n = 3,491).
†P-values/ORs (95% CI) were obtained from multivariate linear regression/logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, education (below secondary vs. secondary or above), social economic status ladder—Hong Kong (≤4 vs. >4), smoking (current smokers vs. non-current smokers), alcohol intake (>12 vs. ≤12 alcoholic drinks in past 12 m), physical activity (PASE total score), dietary intakes (DQI-I), BMI, and baseline value of respective outcome variable (when appropriate).
CMMSE, Cantonese Mini-Mental Status Examination; DQI-I, Diet Quality Index-International; PASE, Physical Activity Scale of the Elderly; BMI, body mass index.