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. 2018 Feb 28;12:49. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00049

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Copyright © 2018 Wadhwa, Chauhan, Roy, Sahu, Deep, Jain, Kishore, Ray, Thakur and Panjwani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Fold changes in the inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus during caffeine/modafinil administration following SD. The concentration of cytokine levels were measured in picograms per milliliter and expressed as the fold changes in TNF-α (A,F); interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (B,G); IL-6 (C,H; pro-inflammatory cytokines), IL-4 (D,I); IL-10 (E,J; anti-inflammatory cytokines) in the hippocampus. *p < 0.05 when compared to control treated with vehicle; ^φp < 0.05 when compared to sleep deprived treated with vehicle. Two way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test with multiple comparison were used for the statistical evaluation.