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. 2018 Feb 28;12:49. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00049

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Copyright © 2018 Wadhwa, Chauhan, Roy, Sahu, Deep, Jain, Kishore, Ray, Thakur and Panjwani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Caffeine or modafinil improved the microglial cell numbers following SD. Changes in the microglial cell count at different stages (resting, intermediate and activated) in (A) DG region; (B) CA1 region; (C) CA3 region of the hippocampus. Total microglial cell count in (D) DG region; (E) CA1 region; (F) CA3 region of the hippocampus. *p < 0.05 when compared to control treated with vehicle; ^φp < 0.05 when compared to sleep deprived treated with vehicle. Two way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test with multiple comparison was applied for statistical comparison between groups and for the graphical representation, values expressed mean percentage of Control ± SEM.