Table 1.
Active clinical trials combining DC-based anticancer immunotherapy with PD-1/PD-L-targeted therapy (clinicaltrials.gov, January 14, 2018).
| Intervention |
Therapy schedule | Comparator(s) | Condition | Phase | N | Trial identifier | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD-1-/PD-L-targeted therapy | Type of DC vaccine | |||||||
| Anti-PD-1 Ab (nivolumab) | Autologous DC loaded with CMV pp65 mRNA | Neoadjuvant + adjuvant DC vaccination with anti-PD-1 therapy | Without neoadjuvant DC vaccination | Recurrent brain tumors | I | 7 | NCT02529072 | Active, not recruiting |
| Autologous DC loaded with NY-ESO-1 peptide | Therapy cycles of cyclophosphamide, TCR-transduced PBMC, anti-PD-1 therapy, DC vaccination, and rhIL-2 | Single group | NY-ESO-1+ solid tumors | I | 12 | NCT02775292 | Recruiting | |
| Autologous DC loaded with autologous tumor lysate | Therapy cycles of i.d. DC vaccination with anti-PD-1 therapy | DC therapy alone | Recurrent glioblastoma | II | 30 | NCT03014804 | Not yet recruiting | |
| Anti-PD-1 Ab (pembrolizumab) | Autologous DC loaded with peptide | Anti-PD-1 SoC post-DC therapy | Single group | Advanced melanoma | I | 12 | NCT03092453 | Recruiting |
| Autologous DC loaded with autologous tumor antigens | Therapy cycles of anti-PD-1 and cryosurgery plus i.t. DC vaccination | Single group | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | I/II | 44 | NCT03035331 | Recruiting | |
| Autologous DC | Therapy cycles of i.n. DC vaccination with anti-PD-1 therapy, radiotherapy, GM-CSF and anti-TNF-alpha therapy | Single group | Follicular lymphoma | II | 20 | NCT02677155 | Recruiting | |
| DC-CIK | Therapy cycles of i.v. DC vaccination with anti-PD-1 therapy | Anti-PD-1 Ab alone | Advanced solid tumors | I/II | 100 | NCT03190811 | Recruiting | |
| DC-CIK | Therapy cycles of i.v. DC vaccination with anti-PD-1 therapy | Anti-PD-1 Ab alone | NSCLC | I/II | 60 | NCT03360630 | Recruiting | |
| Anti-PD-1 Ab | DC-CIK | i.v. anti-PD-1 Ab-treated DC vaccination | Single group | Refractory solid tumors | I/II | 50 | NCT02886897 | Recruiting |
| Anti-PD-1 Ab (CT–011) | DC/tumor cell fusion vaccine | Therapy cycles of anti-PD-1 therapy with DC vaccination post-auto-SCT | Anti-PD-1 Ab alone | Multiple myeloma | II | 35 | NCT01067287 | Active, not recruiting |
| SoC CPI therapy | Autologous TLPLDC vaccine | DC vaccination (tumor lysate + yeast cell wall particles + DC) following CPI monotherapy (comparison based on response to CPI therapy) | CPI non-responder, progressive disease following initial response to CPI, stable disease after CPI | Metastatic melanoma | I/II | 45 | NCT02678741 | Recruiting |
| Anti-PD-L1 Ab (avelumab) | Autologous DC vaccine | Therapy cycles of DC vaccination with anti-PD-L1 therapy | Single group | Metastatic colorectal cancer | I/II | 33 | NCT03152565 | Not yet recruiting |
| Anti-PD-L1 Ab (durvalumab) | DC/AML fusion vaccine | Not specified | DC therapy alone, traditional care | Acute myeloid leukemia | II | 105 | NCT03059485 | Recruiting |
| PD-L siRNA lipofection of the DC vaccine | MiHa-loaded DC | Post-allo-HSCT | Single group | Hematological malignancies | I/II | 10 | NCT02528682 | Recruiting |
AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CPI, checkpoint inhibitor therapy; CIK, cytokine-induced killer cells; DC, dendritic cell; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; IL-2, interleukin 2; i.d., intradermal; i.n., intranodal; i.t., intratumoral; i.v., intravenous; MiHa, minor histocompatibility antigens; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; siRNA, small interfering RNA; SoC, standard of care; TCR, T cell receptor; TLPLDC, tumor lysate particle-loaded dendritic cell.