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. 2018 Mar 19;6:e4543. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4543

Figure 6. Paleogeography of Paratethys basin in late Cenozoic and the hypothetical scenario for Phrynocephalus.

Figure 6

Paleogeographic reconstructions are based on Rögl (1999); Popov et al. (2004); Popov et al. (2009) for early (A) and middle (B) Miocene and Pliocene (C). Question marks denote possible areas of distribution of the common ancestor of Phrynocephalus. GLB—”Gomphotherium-landbridge” between Arabian plate and Asian mainland (18–17 Ma). Red dotted line—possible range of Phrynocephalus; red arrows—possible dispersal routes; Latin numbers correspond to hypothetical distribution of main Phrynocephalus Clades I–III (see Discussion).