(A) For systemic delivery, a 20 μl aliquot of each antibiotic or PBS vehicle control was injected at the base of the 3rd (shown) or 4th tergum on the ventral side of the abdomen. (B) For oral delivery, cockroaches were placed on their backs and were fed a solution containing either 50% sucrose or 50% sucrose containing the specified antibiotic. In both cases, antibiotics were delivered at 2-, 48-, and 96-hours post infection.