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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc. 2018 Feb 8;105:41–53. doi: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2018.02.001

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A schematic diagram of neuronal SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. Synaptobrevin on synaptic vesicles can bind to target SNAREs (syntaxin and SNAP-25) on the presynaptic cell membrane. The formation of the trans-SNARE complex (present in intermediate stage of diagram) may be modulated by various synaptic regulatory proteins, such as Munc18, Munc13, complexin, and α-synuclein. Fast and precise neurotransmitter release from the vesicle is triggered by the cytoplasmic rise of Ca2+ and its interaction with synaptotagmin. A four-helix bundle cis-SNARE complex is formed upon completion of fusion (final stage of diagram). Adapted with permission from reference [84].