Table 2. Demographic, clinical, and positive psychological characteristics of the study sample.
| Characteristic or outcome | Possible range | Mean (SD), or proportion | Test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia (n = 116) |
Non-Psychiatric (n = 106) |
|||
| Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age | NA | 50.77 (10.44) | 51.49 (11.40) | t(220) = 0.49 |
| Age of Illness Onset | NA | 22.78 (8.26) | NA | NA |
| Gender (% Male) | NA | 53.45% | 44.34% | X2 (1, N = 222) = 1.84 |
| Education (Years) | NA | 12.41 (2.40) | 14.70 (2.19) | t(220) = 7.41*** |
| Marital Status (% Married) | NA | 9 | 41 | X2 (1, N = 222) = 31.10*** |
| Living Status (% Residing Alone/Residing with Someone Else/Residing in Board and Care) | NA | 16/35/48 | 21/79/0 | X2 (1, N = 222) = 70.71*** |
| Social Position (HISP) b | 1–5 | 4.71 (.73) | 3.47 (1.06) | z = -9.21*** |
| Highest Position (HISP) b | 1–5 | 3.75 (.74) | 2.82 (.73) | z = -8.38*** |
| Longest Position (HISP) b | 1–5 | 3.80 (.76) | 2.97 (.81) | z = -7.20*** |
| Personal Incomea | 0–8 | 1.61 (.94) | 3.69 (1.74) | z = -8.24*** |
| Family Incomea | 0–8 | 2.17 (1.48) | 4.82 (2.09) | z = -6.45*** |
| Antipsychotic Medication (DDD) | NA | 1.81 (1.55) | NA | NA |
| Ethnicity (% non-Latino Caucasian) | NA | 50.00% | 60.38% | X2 (4, N = 222) = 4.37 |
| Severity of psychopathology, cognition, and well-being | ||||
| Positive Symptoms (SAPS Total) a | 0–20 | 5.11 (4.42) | NA | NA |
| Negative Symptoms (SANS Total) a | 0–25 | 5.90 (5.18) | NA | NA |
| Depression (CDSS Total) a | 0–27 | 2.69 (3.47) | 0.80 (1.47) | t(218) = 5.17*** |
| Anxiety (BSIAS Total) a | 0–24 | 7.56 (6.60) | 1.23 (1.86) | t(197) = 8.86*** |
| Physical Well-Being (SF-36) a | 20.1–57.9 | 43.55 (10.82) | 52.11 (8.88) | t(194) = 6.08*** |
| Mental Well-Being (SF-36) a | 17.3–62.1 | 43.94 (11.22) | 53.65 (7.38) | t(194) = 7.24*** |
| Executive Functioninga | NA | -0.32 (0.72) | 0.54 (0.58) | t(220) = 9.91*** |
| Loneliness (UCLA-3) a | 20–80 | 46.12 (10.98) | 34.65 (10.41) | t(220) = 7.97*** |
| Positive psychological characteristics | ||||
| Happiness (CES-D Happiness Total) a | 0–12 | 7.48 (3.14) | 10.02 (2.41) | t(196) = 6.43*** |
| Resilience (CDR Total) a | 0–40 | 24.60 (8.10) | 32.50 (6.24) | t(192) = 7.53*** |
| Optimism (LOT-R Total) a | 6–30 | 20.36 (3.99) | 23.80 (4.50) | t(195) = 5.69*** |
| Perceived Stress (PSS Total) a | 0–40 | 18.89 (6.51) | 11.29 (5.46) | t(193) = 8.74*** |
| Satisfaction with Life (SWLS Total) a | 5–35 | 20.02 (7.44) | 23.21 (7.39) | t(195) = 3.01** |
Note.
** < .01;
*** < .001;
HISP = Hollingshead Index of Social Position; DDD = Defined Daily Dose; SAPS = Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SANS = Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; CDSS = Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; BSIAS = Brief Symptom Inventory, Anxiety Scale; SF-36 = 36-item Short Form Health Survey; UCLA-3 = University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, Third Version; CES-D Happiness = Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression; CDR = Connor-Davidson Resilience; LOT-R = Life Orientation Test—Revised; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale;. Personal and family income were coded according to the following income levels: (1) < $10,000; (2) $10,000–$19,999; (3) $20,000–$34,999; (4) $35,000–$49,999; (5) $50,000–$74,999; (6) $75,000–$99,999; (7) $100,000–$149,000; and (8) ≥ $150,000; Social position was classified as follows: (1) upper, (2) upper-middle, (3) middle, (4) middle-lower, and (5) lower socioeconomic status;
a Higher values indicate higher levels of the measured construct;
b Higher values indicate lower levels of the measured construct