Table 3. Effect of the journey hour (from the first to the eighth) on horse behaviour.
| Behavioural Parameters | 1st h | 2nd h | 3rd h | 4th h | 5th h | 6th h | 7th h | 8th h | SE | P |
| Evasive behaviour/Pulling back | 2.7 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.054 |
| Explorative behaviour/Sniffing | 34.9 | 27.4 | 25.5 | 22.9 | 26.7 | 17.6 | 25.6 | 21.9 | 12.4 | 0.228 |
| Licking/chewing | 42.9A | 22.6Ba | 17.5B | 12.3 B | 15.5 B | 10.1 Bb | 12.3 Bb | 10.7 Bb | 7.4 | < .0001 |
| Licking the truck/wall | 7.0 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.067 |
| Nose outside | 41.8A | 24.9Ba | 10.2BCb | 15.5BC | 9.9BCb | 9.4BCb | 6.2C | 2.7C | 6.7 | < .0001 |
| Pawing | 5.5 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.284 |
| Touching rubber tie cord | 35.5Aa | 30.0ab | 28.3 | 21.2bc | 21.2bc | 20.8bc | 18.7B | 16.9Bc | 5.2 | 0.032 |
| Turning the head | 12.8 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 3.1 | 0.089 |
| Total stress-behaviours | 221.8A | 155.7Ba | 129.1B | 123.3B | 117.2B | 98.7B | 110.0B | 94.4Bb | 26.8 | < .0001 |
| Backward movements | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.773 |
| Forward movements | 1.8 | 1.03 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.113 |
| Lateral movements | 16.1 | 18.4 | 14.0 | 15.3 | 16.3 | 15.9 | 16.5 | 22.3 | 3.9 | 0.343 |
| Leaning on stall rails | 34.0ac | 23.4 ab | 26.3 ab | 31.5 | 22.7b | 30.0 ab | 30.1 | 40.1c | 5.5 | 0.023 |
| Loss of balance/ dashing on the partitions |
8.8Aa | 5.6b | 2.3BC | 3.6BC | 4.2 BC | 4.7 BC | 5.5b | 6.5AC | 2.1 | 0.004 |
| Total balance related behaviour | 62.2ac | 49.9A | 44.1Ab | 52.7ab | 45.2Ab | 52.2ab | 53.3ab | 70.8Bc | 6.8 | 0.006 |
| Head tossing/shaking | 13.6 | 43.4 | 46.0 | 69.9 | 53.6 | 77.9 | 71.7 | 42.8 | 49.1 | 0.428 |
| Biting neighbours | 2.6 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 6.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 0.451 |
| Interaction with neighbours | 43.7 | 35.9 | 32.3 | 31.1 | 35.4 | 35.4 | 32.4 | 28.9 | 6.7 | 0.361 |
| Look outside | 38.8 | 35.0 | 34.7 | 38.6 | 35.1 | 34.1 | 38.0 | 33.4 | 5.9 | 0.933 |
| Shaking head | 7.0 | 6.4 | 3.5 | 6.4 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 0.779 |
| Yawning | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.672 |
| Lowering the head | 12.1A | 39.7B | 43.1Ba | 44.6Ba | 31.4Bb | 38.4B | 42.3 Ba | 49.3 Ba | 5.0 | < .0001 |
| Total movement | 362.3 | 333.1 | 298.6 | 328.2 | 286.6 | 305.1 | 320.7 | 289.9 | 71.2 | 0.216 |
| Total head down duration | 55.1A | 245.4B | 318.9BC | 268.3BCa | 249.7 B | 363.9BC | 265.9Ba | 429.5Cb | 81.6 | < .0001 |
Effect of the journey hour (from the first to the eighth) on frequency of the measured behavioural events (n/25 min) and total head down duration (s/25 min). Data are expressed as the least square mean and standard error (SE), with P value determined by linear mixed model and Tukey post-hoc testing. Means with different superscript differ significantly (A, B, C: P<0.001; a, b: P<0.05)