Table 1.
Factors associated with D-HRQOL in multivariate linear regression
| Explanatory variable interpretation | 8–12years | 13–18 years | 19–25 years | All | Adjusted means (SE)* | Estimate (95% CI)* | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | |||||||
| Sex | <0.001 | ||||||
| n | 1,715 | 2,846 | 1,326 | 5,887 | |||
| Male (reference) | 51 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 70.2 (0.3) | 0.0 | |
| Female | 49 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 66.2 (0.3) | −4.0 (−4.7, −3.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.040 | ||||||
| n | 1,711 | 2,842 | 1,320 | 5,873 | |||
| Underweight/normal (reference) | 71 | 74 | 71 | 73 | 68.7 (0.3) | 0.0 | |
| Overweight | 16 | 15 | 24 | 17 | 68.7 (0.4) | 0.0 (−0.9, 0.9) | 0.942 |
| Obese | 13 | 11 | 6 | 10 | 67.3 (0.6) | −1.4 (−2.6, −0.3) | 0.012 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 0.010 | ||||||
| n | 1,715 | 2,846 | 1,326 | 5,887 | |||
| ≥10 (reference) | 43 | 20 | 16 | 26 | 68.0 (0.4) | 0.0 | |
| <6 | 49 | 33 | 25 | 36 | 69.0 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.0, 1.8) | 0.050 |
| ≥6 to <10 | 8 | 47 | 59 | 39 | 67.6 (0.4) | −0.4 (−1.2, 0.4) | 0.344 |
| HbA1c (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| n | 1,714 | 2,846 | 1,325 | 5,885 | |||
| <7.5 (reference) | 32 | 29 | 33 | 31 | 71.5 (0.4) | 0.0 | |
| ≥7.5 to <9.0 | 42 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 68.4 (0.4) | −3.2 (−4.0, −2.4) | <0.001 |
| ≥9.0 | 26 | 35 | 30 | 31 | 64.8 (0.4) | −6.8 (−7.7, −5.9) | <0.001 |
| Family characteristics | |||||||
| Person living with patient | 0.029 | ||||||
| n | 1,712 | 2,844 | 1,324 | 5,880 | |||
| Living with both parents (reference) | 85 | 82 | 67 | 79 | 66.9 (0.3) | 0.0 | |
| Only mother/only father | 13 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 65.7 (0.5) | −1.2 (−2.3, −0.2) | 0.018 |
| Alone + other | 3 | 4 | 22 | 8 | 65.9 (0.7) | −1.1 (−2.5, 0.3) | 0.127 |
| What is the highest level of education either of the patient’s parents/guardians completed? | <0.001 | ||||||
| n | 1,673 | 2,791 | 1,274 | 5,738 | |||
| Illiterate/primary (reference) | 16 | 17 | 21 | 17 | 65.2 (0.6) | 0.0 | |
| Secondary | 42 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 66.0 (0.4) | 0.7 (−0.3, 1.7) | 0.165 |
| University/higher | 42 | 40 | 37 | 40 | 67.3 (0.4) | 2.1 (1.1, 3.2) | <0.001 |
| Conflict for check and interpret blood glucose levels over the past month | <0.001 | ||||||
| n | 1,706 | 2,837 | 1,314 | 5,857 | |||
| Almost never (reference) | 54 | 48 | 67 | 54 | 67.8 (0.5) | 0.0 | |
| Sometimes + almost always | 46 | 52 | 33 | 46 | 64.5 (0.4) | −3.2 (−4.3, −2.2) | <0.001 |
| Conflict for select and give insulin doses over the past month | 0.254 | ||||||
| n | 1,706 | 2,837 | 1,314 | 5,857 | |||
| Almost never (reference) | 60 | 56 | 73 | 61 | 66.5 (0.4) | 0.0 | |
| Sometimes + almost always | 40 | 44 | 27 | 39 | 65.9 (0.5) | −0.6 (−1.7, 0.5) | 0.254 |
| Has the patient or his/her family members cut down or stopped working because of diabetes? | <0.001 | ||||||
| n | 1,704 | 2,832 | 1,315 | 5,851 | |||
| No (reference) | 82 | 89 | 91 | 88 | 67.5 (0.3) | 0.0 | |
| Yes | 18 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 64.8 (0.6) | −2.7 (−3.7, −1.6) | <0.001 |
Data are n or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Boldface P values indicate overall factor is significantly related to HRQOL score.
*Based on N = 5,741 (5,882) for patient (family) characteristics analysis, respectively.