Figure 1.

Experimental setup and articulator monitoring. A, Schematic of the articulatory tracking system. A video camera placed in front of the subject recorded the movements of the lips while an ultrasound transducer under the jaw captured the tongue contour. B, Example images of the the video (top) and ultrasound (bottom) imaging during production of the corner vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/. The lips and tongue contour were extracted from these images, and the resulting binary masks are shown in color on top of the raw images. C, MRI reconstruction of the brains of the 4 subjects included in the study. Coregistered ECoG electrodes are plotted on the cortical surface. Dark points indicate electrodes over vSMC.