Table 5.
Several genetically encoded fluorescent and bioluminescent reporters of Ca2+ with varying affinities (Kd) that have been successfully targeted to neuronal mitochondria
| Reporter name | Reporter detail | Excitation, emission wavelengths (nm) | Dissociation constant, Kd (μM) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rhod-2 | Fluorescent molecule | λex, ~557 | 0.6* | [112] |
| λem, ~581 | ||||
| 4mtD2cpv | Yellow cameleon (FRET) | CFP (ECFP): λex/λem, 435/475 | 4mtD2cpv: 0.1, 7.7 | [112, 122] |
| 4mtD3cpv | YFP (cp173Venus): λex/λem, 515/527 | 4mtD3cpv: 0.76 | ||
| 4mtD4cpv | 4mtD4cpv: 49.7 | |||
| mtAEQmut | Aequorin (bioluminescence) | λem, 465 | Varying affinities [122] | [123, 124] |
| Mit-GEM-GECO-1 | Single FP, dual emission, ratiometric | λex, 390 | 0.34 | [53, 102, 129] |
| λem, 455, 511 | ||||
| Mito-LAR-GECO1.2 | Single FP (RFP) | λex, 557 | 12 | [130] |
| λem, 584 | ||||
| mito-GCaMP2 | Single FP (cpEGFP) | λex, 489 | 0.2 | [112, 126, 127] |
| λem, 509 | ||||
| mt-RCaMP | Single FP (cp-mRuby) | λex, 570 | 1.6 | [128] |
| λem, 590 | ||||
| mtPericam | Dual-excitation, ratiometric | λex, 415, 494 | 1.7 | [100, 125] |
| λem, 515 |
Publications refer to the work that originally generated the probe and/or studies where the probe was utilised in neuronal mitochondria. Multiple mitochondria-localised Ca2+ reporters based on GCaMP have been generated
aRhod-2 analogues have varying affinities