Fig. 1. Decomposing and quantifying the contribution by the resident community and the invader to shifts of niche structure.

. Vector µ₁ is the movement of invaded communities in resource space. Vector µ₂ corresponds to the contribution of the E. coli to the invaded community’s niche shift; this vector lies along an axis, vector e, which begins at the mean of communities before invasion and extends to the niche structure of the invader population, which is shown by the dashed green line extending away from vector µ_2. Vector µ₃ represents the contribution of the resident taxa to the invaded community’s niche shift