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. 2018 Jan 23;25(3):486–541. doi: 10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4

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© ADMC Associazione Differenziamento e Morte Cellulare 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon this article or a part thereof, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Major cell death subroutines. Mammalian cells exposed to unrecoverable perturbations of the intracellular or extracellular microenvironment can activate one of many signal transduction cascades ultimately leading to their demise. Each of such regulated cell death (RCD) modes is initiated and propagated by molecular mechanisms that exhibit a considerable degree of interconnectivity. Moreover, each type of RCD can manifest with an entire spectrum of morphological features ranging from fully necrotic to fully apoptotic, and an immunomodulatory profile ranging from anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic to pro-inflammatory and immunogenic. ADCD: autophagy-dependent cell death, ICD: immunogenic cell death, LDCD: lysosome-dependent cell death, MPT: mitochondrial permeability transition.