Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Age Group.
| Younger | Older | Statistic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
|
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| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | t | p | |
| Age (in years) | 20.93 | (3.23) | 73.56 | (7.44) | ||
| Sex | 73.3% F, 26.7% M | 71.9% F, 28.1% M | ||||
| Education (in years) | 13.37 | (3.25) | 15.66 | (3.26) | −2.77 | .008 |
| Socioeconomic Level | 2.84 | (1.10) | 2.87 | (0.94) | −0.14 | .828 |
| Vocabulary (WAIS-IV) | 32.42 | (8.92) | 41.84 | (9.62) | −4.03 | <.001 |
| Coding (WAIS-IV) | 83.68 | (12.78) | 60.75 | (15.22) | 6.12 | <.001 |
| Digit Span (WAIS-IV) | 28.16 | (4.97) | 25.87 | (5.76) | 1.67 | .099 |
| Overall Valence Ratings | 0.58 | (0.69) | 1.20 | (0.69) | −3.50 | <.001 |
| Angry Valence Ratings | −2.04 | (0.34) | −2.21 | (0.44) | 1.72 | .091 |
| Happy Valence Ratings | 2.14 | (0.31) | 2.30 | (0.44) | −1.61 | .114 |
| Surprise Valence Ratings | −0.16 | (0.53) | 0.59 | (0.71) | −4.77 | <.001 |
| Corrugator Activity | −0.05 | (0.17) | −0.24 | (0.26) | 3.43 | .010 |
| Zygomaticus Activity | −0.02 | (0.05) | −0.06 | (0.06) | 2.91 | .005 |
Note. Sex: F = Female, M = Male; Socioeconomic Level: on a scale of 1–5 (with 1 indicating “lower income” and 5 indicating “upper income”); Vocabulary from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS–IV; Wechsler, 2008): maximum score = 57; Digit-Symbol Coding from the WAIS-IV: maximum score = 135; Digit Span from the WAIS-III: maximum score = 48; Valence Ratings were measured on a scale of −3 (very negative) to +3 (very positive).