Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of CRIC study participants according to baseline CAC score.
| Baseline
CAC=0 (n=434) |
Baseline CAC
>0 (n=689) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 50.9 ± 12.2 | 60.6 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Female | 247 (56.9%) | 274 (39.8%) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 167 (38.5%) | 309 (44.8%) | 0.03 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 176 (40.6%) | 219 (31.8%) | |
| Hispanic | 73 (16.8%) | 126 (18.3%) | |
| Other | 18 (4.1%) | 35 (5.1%) | |
|
| |||
| High school education | 361 (83.2%) | 551 (80.1%) | 0.22 |
|
| |||
| Physical activity (total MET) | 249.1 ± 191.2 | 202.5 ± 132.0 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Current cigarette smoking | 37 (8.5%) | 67 (9.7%) | 0.57 |
|
| |||
| Alcohol consumption | 289 (66.6%) | 437 (63.4%) | 0.31 |
|
| |||
| History of CVD | 50 (11.5%) | 177 (25.7%) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| 10-year atherosclerotic CVD riska | |||
| <5% | 207 (53.9%) | 97 (19.0%) | <0.001 |
| 5–15% | 117 (30.5%) | 208 (40.8%) | |
| >15% | 60 (15.6%) | 205 (40.2%) | |
|
| |||
| Hypertension | 329 (75.8%) | 636 (92.3%) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Use of antihypertensive medications | 352 (81.1%) | 651 (94.6%) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 127 (29.3%) | 357 (51.8%) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Use of statin medications | 172 (39.6%) | 433 (62.9%) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 122.0 ± 20.1 | 126.6 ± 20.0 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.5 ± 6.8 | 31.1 ± 6.2 | 0.19 |
|
| |||
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 51.7 ± 17.4 | 47.4 ± 14.5 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 109.1 ± 36.2 | 100.5 ± 32.3 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 48.6 ± 19.3 | 44.4 ± 15.9 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| 24-hour urine albumin (g/24 hours) | 0.05 (0.01–0.61) | 0.04 (0.01–0.39) | 0.86 |
|
| |||
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 1.46 ± 0.74 | 1.54 ± 0.61 | 0.06 |
|
| |||
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.29 ± 0.52 | 9.33 ± 0.52 | 0.13 |
|
| |||
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.62 ± 0.65 | 3.69 ± 0.70 | 0.06 |
|
| |||
| Fibroblast growth factor-23 (RU/mL) | 120.0 (79.2–223.3) | 131.2 (91.6–210.5) | 0.10 |
|
| |||
| Total parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 54.0 (37.0–86.4) | 53.0 (36.9–82.0) | 0.35 |
|
| |||
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 89.5 ± 32.9 | 89.4 ± 30.1 | 0.94 |
|
| |||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 6.05 ± 1.28 | 6.50 ± 1.40 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| HOMA-insulin resistanceb | 3.18 (2.11–5.22) | 3.98 (2.61–6.72) | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.96 ± 1.89 | 7.19 ± 1.80 | 0.04 |
|
| |||
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 13.1 ± 4.6 | 14.5 ± 5.1 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 3.84 ± 1.11 | 4.01 ± 1.09 | 0.01 |
|
| |||
| High sensitive C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.21 (0.91–4.98) | 2.04 (0.92–4.60) | 0.74 |
|
| |||
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 1.45 (0.92–2.32) | 1.70 (1.09–2.58) | 0.002 |
|
| |||
| Tumor necrosis factor-α (mg/dL) | 2.00 (1.30–3.00) | 2.20 (1.40–3.30) | 0.007 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and n (%). CAC, coronary artery calcification; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.
a
Among those with no history of cardiovascular disease.
b
HOMA–insulin resistance = (fasting serum insulin [μU/mL] × fasting plasma glucose [mmol/L])/22.