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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Atherosclerosis. 2018 Feb 10;271:53–60. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.009

Table 3.

Odds Ratios for Incident Coronary Artery Calcification Associated with Novel Risk Factors among Participants without CAC at Baselinea

Variablesb Multivariable-adjustedc Multivariable-adjustedd
Odds ratios (95% CI) p value Odds ratios (95% CI) p value
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (17.4 ml/min/1.73 m2) 0.73 (0.57–0.93) 0.01 0.80 (0.61–1.04) 0.10
Log (24-hour urine albumin, 0.53 g/24 hours) 1.44 (1.11–1.87) 0.006 1.21 (0.90–1.63) 0.21
Cystatin C (0.66 mg/L) 1.24 (1.01–1.53) 0.04 1.16 (0.92–1.45) 0.21
Calcium (0.52 mg/dL) 0.82 (0.63–1.06) 0.13 0.89 (0.67–1.18) 0.43
Phosphate (0.68 mg/dL) 1.59 (1.22–2.08) <0.001 1.51 (1.13–2.01) 0.005
Log (fibroblast growth factor-23, 0.82 RU/mL) 1.38 (1.12–1.71) 0.003 1.32 (1.05–1.67) 0.02
Log (total parathyroid hormone, 0.67 pg/mL) 1.44 (1.13–1.84) 0.003 1.34 (1.03–1.74) 0.03
Alkaline phosphatase (31.2 U/L) 0.99 (0.79–1.24) 0.93 0.85 (0.67–1.09) 0.20
Hemoglobin A1c (1.37%) 1.39 (1.09–1.78) 0.009 1.22 (0.87–1.72) 0.25
Log (HOMA-insulin resistance, 0.62) 1.24 (0.98–1.58) 0.08 1.06 (0.79–1.43) 0.70
Uric acid (1.84 mg/dL) 1.22 (0.95–1.57) 0.11 1.10 (0.84–1.44) 0.49
Homocysteine (4.93 μmol/L) 1.27 (0.97–1.66) 0.09 1.24 (0.93–1.65) 0.15
Fibrinogen (1.10 mg/dL) 1.46 (1.14–1.87) 0.003 1.32 (1.01–1.73) 0.04
Log (high sensitive C-reactive protein, 0.80 mg/L) 1.16 (0.91–1.48) 0.23 1.04 (0.80–1.36) 0.75
Log (interleukin-6, 0.57 pg/mL) 1.63 (1.22–2.17) <0.001 1.46 (1.08–1.99) 0.02
Log (tumor necrosis factor-α, 0.52 mg/dL) 1.39 (1.09–1.77) 0.009 1.28 (0.99–1.66) 0.06
a

Incident coronary artery calcification was defined as any increase in CAC from the baseline to follow-up visit.

b

One standard deviation increase.

c

Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, clinical site, and follow-up time between CT scans.

d

Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, clinical site, follow-up time between CT scans, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic BP, use of antihypertensive medications, diabetes, current smoking, history of CVD, use of statin medications, and physical activity.