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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Atherosclerosis. 2018 Feb 10;271:53–60. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.009

Table 4.

Odds Ratios for Coronary Artery Calcification Progression Associated with Novel Risk Factors among Participants with CAC >0 at Baselinea

Variablesb Multivariable-adjustedc Multivariable-adjustedd
Odds ratios (95% CI) p value Odds ratios (95% CI) p value
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (17.4 ml/min/1.73 m2) 0.52 (0.38–0.70) <0.001 0.55 (0.40–0.76) <0.001
Log (24-hour urine albumin, 0.53 g/24 hours) 1.44 (1.14–1.82) 0.002 1.36 (1.05–1.77) 0.02
Cystatin C (0.66 mg/L) 1.67 (1.32–2.13) <0.001 1.68 (1.29–2.18) <0.001
Calcium (0.52 mg/dL) 0.70 (0.55–0.89) 0.003 0.72 (0.56–0.92) 0.01
Phosphate (0.68 mg/dL) 1.71 (1.34–2.19) <0.001 1.55 (1.21–2.00) <0.001
Log(fibroblast growth factor-23, 0.82 RU/mL) 1.66 (1.30–2.11) <0.001 1.66 (1.28–2.15) <0.001
Log(total parathyroid hormone, 0.67 pg/mL) 1.30 (1.02–1.65) 0.03 1.24 (0.97–1.60) 0.09
Alkaline phosphatase (31.2 U/L) 1.04 (0.82–1.31) 0.77 1.03 (0.80–1.33) 0.81
Hemoglobin A1c (1.37%) 1.39 (1.13–1.71) 0.002 1.11 (0.85–1.44) 0.44
Log (HOMA-insulin resistance, 0.62) 1.32 (1.06–1.66) 0.02 1.09 (0.84–1.40) 0.53
Uric acid (1.84 mg/dL) 0.96 (0.76–1.23) 0.77 0.91 (0.70–1.17) 0.44
Homocysteine (4.93 μmol/L) 1.20 (0.95–1.52) 0.12 1.08 (0.84–1.39) 0.55
Fibrinogen (1.10 mg/dL) 1.04 (0.83–1.32) 0.72 1.01 (0.79–1.28) 0.95
Log (high sensitive C-reactive protein, 0.80 mg/L) 0.89 (0.70–1.13) 0.35 1.00 (0.78–1.28) 0.99
Log (interleukin-6, 0.57 pg/mL) 0.91 (0.71–1.16) 0.44 0.93 (0.72–1.21) 0.60
Log (tumor necrosis factor-α, 0.52 mg/dL) 1.36 (1.08–1.72) 0.008 1.44 (1.12–1.86) 0.004
a

Coronary artery calcification progression was defined as an annual increase of ≥100 Agatston units from the baseline to follow-up visit.

b

One standard deviation increase.

c

Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, clinical site, and baseline CAC score.

d

Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, clinical site, baseline CAC score, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic BP, use of antihypertensive medications, diabetes, current smoking, history of CVD, use of statin medications, and physical activity.