Table 1. Case reports of tetanus in individuals with complete data (detailed information on tetanus immunization history or tetanus antibody and clinical outcome).
| Author / country | Study design/ number of cases (n) | Age (years) and sex1 | Risk factors for tetanus2 | Vaccination history3 | Tetanus antibody titre at diagnosis4 | Patient outcome5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abrahamian (8) / United States | Case report/ n=1 | 45 M | IDU | ? | ++ | - |
| Atabek (9)/Turkey | Case report/ n=1 | 7 F | Laceration | ++ | ? | + |
| Aydin-Teke (20) / Turkey | Case report/ n=1 | 15 M | Injury | ++ | ? | + |
| Bardenheier (12) / United States | Surveillance/ n=31 | ? | ? | + (n=15) ++ (n=16) |
? | + (n=30) - (n=1) |
| Berger (21)/ United States | Case report/ n=1 | 25 F | IDU | ? | + | + |
| Boyd (22)/ Europe and Africa | Retrospective surveillance/ n=16 | ? | ? | +/++ | ? | + (n=11) - (n=5) |
| Boyer (23)/France | Case review/ n=10 | ? | ? | +/++ | ? | + (n=2) - (n=8) |
| Coniglione (24)/ United States | Case report/ n=1 | 29 M | Injury | ++ | ++ | + |
| Crone (17)/ United States | Case report/ n=3 | 29 M 42 F 57 F |
? IDU Reused syringe |
++ + + |
++ (n=3) | + - +(deficits) |
| de la Chapelle (25)/France | Case report/ n=1 | 52 M | Injury, IS | ? | ++ | + |
| Dyce (18)/ United States | Case report/ n=1 | 24 F | Piercing | ++ | ? | +(deficits) |
| Faust (26)/ United States | Hospital surveillance/ n=1 | 5 M | ? | + | ? | + |
| Fiorillo (27) / Canada | Case report/ n=1 | 10 M | Injury | ++ | ++ | + |
| Hall (28) / United States | Case report/ n=2 | ? | ? | + (n=2) | ? (n=2) | + (n=1) - (v1) |
| Hedrick (29) / United States | Case report/ n=2 | 10 M 45 M |
Injury ? |
++ + |
? (n=2) | + (n=2) |
| Hopkins (this report) / Canada | Case report/ n=1 | 22 M | Injury, IS | ++ | ? | + |
| König (30) / Germany | Case report/ n=1 | 14 M | Injury | ++ | ? | + |
| Livorsi (31) / United States | Case report/ n=1 | 44 M | Injury | ? | ++ | + |
| Lodha (32) / India | Case report/ n=2 | 3 F 4. 5 M |
? (n=2) | ? ++ |
? (n=2) | + (n=2) |
| Long (33) / United States | Surveillance/ n=6 | ? | Injury | ++ (n=6) | ? | + (n=3) - (n=3) |
| Loscalzo (34) / United States | Case report/ n=1 | 23 F | Piercing | ++ | ? | + |
| Luisto (35) / Finland | Retrospective case series/ n=5 | 5 M 10 F 12 M 13 F 15 F |
Animal bite Infection Injury Injury Burn |
++ ++ ++ ++ ? |
? (n=5) | + (n=5) |
| Newton-John (13) / Australia | Case series/ n=19 | ? | ? | ++ (n=13) + (n=6) |
? | + (n=17) - (n=2) |
| Otero-Maldonado (19) / Puerto Rico | Case report and surveillance/ n=7 | 67 M ? (n=6) |
Injury ? (n=6) |
+ ? (n=6) |
? (n=7) | +(deficits) + (n=5), - (n=1) |
| Pascual (11) / United States | Surveillance/ n=30 | ? | ? | + (n=10) ++ (n=20) |
? (n=30) | + (n=10) + (n=19), - (n=1) |
| Passen (36) / United States | Case report/ n=1 | 35 M | Injury | ++ | ++ | + |
| Peterson (37) / Sweden | Case report/ n=1 | 12 M | Injury | ++ | ++ | + |
| Spittle (38) / New Zealand | Case report/ n=1 | 25 F | Injury | ++ | ? | + |
| Tiwari (4) / United States | Surveillance/ n=55 | ? | ? | + (n=26) ++ (n=29) |
? (n=55) | + (n=17), - (n=3),? (n=6) + (n=24), - (n=1),? (n=4) |
| Vieria (39) / Australia | Case report/ n=1 | 18 M | Injury | ++ | ? | + |
1 M (male), F (female),? (unknown/not reported) 2 ? (unknown/not reported) 3 ++ (3 or more doses), + (1 or 2 doses),? (exact number of doses not reported) 4 ++ (>0. 1 IU/ml), + (0. 01-0. 09 IU/ml),?=not measured 5 + (alive at discharge), - (deceased),? (unknown/not reported) IDU = injection drug use IS = immunosuppression