Table 2. Univariate analysis of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for VAE after cardiac surgery.
| Items | VAE group (n=166) | Non-VAE group (n=1,543) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative | |||
| Age >70 (years) | 17 (10.2) | 113 (7.3) | 0.178 |
| Male | 80 (48.2) | 712 (46.1) | 0.615 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 47 (28.3) | 368 (23.8) | 0.203 |
| COPD | 39 (23.5) | 123 (8.0) | <0.01 |
| Peptic ulcers | 13 (7.8) | 78 (5.1) | 0.130 |
| LVEF <30% | 20 (12.0) | 63 (4.1) | s<0.01 |
| Diabetes | 24 (14.5) | 174 (11.3) | 0.224 |
| NYHA grade IV | 23 (13.9) | 98 (6.4) | <0.01 |
| Infectious endocarditis | 7 (4.2) | 60 (3.9) | 0.835 |
| Reoperation | 4 (2.4) | 25 (1.6) | 0.454 |
| Intraoperative | |||
| CPB time, means ± SD (min) | 121.3±31.6 | 109.5±38.6 | <0.01 |
| Aortic clamping time, means ± SD (min) | 79.3±25.4 | 72.6±28.7 | <0.05 |
| Postoperative | |||
| Mechanical ventilation time, means ± SD (h) | 146±63 | 36±51 | <0.01 |
| IABP implantation | 12 (7.2) | 78 (5.1) | 0.233 |
| Reintubation | 23 (13.9) | 82 (5.3) | <0.01 |
| AKI | 26 (15.7) | 173 (11.2) | 0.089 |
| Blood products, means ± SD (units) | 6.7±3.1 | 5.5±3.6 | <0.01 |
VAE, ventilator-associated event; IABP, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation; AKI, acute kidney injury; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; SD, standard deviation.