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. 2018 Mar 22;8:5048. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23422-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Intramolecular ¹³C distributions and effects of growing season air vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on ¹³C discrimination. Data were acquired for tree-ring glucose of Pinus nigra laid down from 1961 to 1995 at a site in the Vienna basin. (a) Intramolecular ¹³C distributions (means over 31 years) expressed in terms of intramolecular ¹³C discrimination. Solid line, observed distribution (Δ_i); dashed line, TPC-free distribution (Δ_i′); dotted line, hypothetical distribution without positional ¹³C effects. Insert: Glucose unit of cellulose showing intramolecular locations of carbon positions, i. (b,c) Effects of VPD on whole-molecule ¹³C discrimination, Δ and on positional ¹³C discrimination at C-1 and C-4; Δ₁′ and Δ₄′, respectively. Linear regression demonstrates highly significant negative relationships between VPD and both Δ and Δ₁′, and no detectable relationship between VPD and Δ₄′ (ordinary least squares regressions, n = 31, Δ = −0.011VPD + 20.0, r = −0.72, p = 5.4*10⁻⁶; Δ₁′ = −0.023VPD + 29.1, r = −0.68, p = 3*10⁻⁵; Δ₄′ = 0.002VPD + 12.9, r = 0.09, p = 0.64).