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. 2018 Mar 16;8:84. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00084

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Copyright © 2018 Liu, Chang, Chen, Su, Ko, Tsai, Chen, Lai, Wu, Hung and Tsai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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C. difficile induces caspase-1-dependent IL-1β production. (A,B) Peritoneal macrophages were infected with C. difficile VPI 10463 at increasing MOIs and a time course of infection was evaluated. Mature IL-1β and caspase-1 processing were analyzed by Western blotting. Lower panels showed quantification of mature caspase-1 and IL-1β relative protein level compared with non-infected group. (C) IL-1β and IL-18 production in the supernatant of infected cells were measured by ELISA. (D) Influence of the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk (YVAD, 100 μM) on IL-1β release in infected macrophages by Western blot analysis. (E) The levels of secreted of IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α were determined by ELISA after treatment with YVAD. Values represent the mean ± SEM (N = 3/group). ^***p < 0.001. N.D., not detected.