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. 2018 Mar 16;8:84. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00084

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Copyright © 2018 Liu, Chang, Chen, Su, Ko, Tsai, Chen, Lai, Wu, Hung and Tsai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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C. difficile-induced pro-IL-1β production is completely MyD88 and partially TLR2 dependent. Peritoneal macrophages isolated from WT, MyD88^−/−, Tlr2^−/−, Tlr4^−/−, and Tlr2^−/−/Tlr4^−/− mice were infected with C. difficile VPI 10463 for 6 h. (A) The mRNA gene expression levels of Il1b were determined by real-time PCR. (B) Pro-IL-1β production was analyzed in the cell lysate protein by Western blot analysis. (C) IL-1β production in the cell culture supernatant was assessed by ELISA. Values represent the mean ± SEM (N = 3/group). ^***p < 0.001. N.D., not detected.