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. 2018 Mar 16;8:84. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00084

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Copyright © 2018 Liu, Chang, Chen, Su, Ko, Tsai, Chen, Lai, Wu, Hung and Tsai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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C. difficile infection induces colonic inflammasome activation. WT C57BL/6 mice were infected with C. difficile VPI 10463 for 2 days, and infected colon tissue was harvested for further analysis. (A) The mRNA gene expression levels of Il1b in the infected colon tissue were measured by real-time PCR. (B) IL-1β production in infected colon tissue was detected by ELISA. (C) Caspase-1 activation in the infected colon tissue was analyzed by Western blot. Values represent the mean ± SEM (N = 15/group). ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001. (D) Mature caspase-1 and IL-1β production in the colon tissue of WT and NLRP3^−/− mice with VPI 10463 infection were analyzed by Western blotting.