Table 2. Analysis of associated factors in men over 40 years old (n = 5,450).
| Variables | N (%)a (95% CI) | Dizzinessb (95% CI) | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysisd | ||
| P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Age, years (5,450)c | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| 40–49 | 37.99 (36.02–39.97) | 10.17 (8.18–12.16) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 50–59 | 31.19 (29.56–32.83) | 11.95 (9.89–14.00) | 1.19 (0.91–1.57) | 1.22 (0.90–1.64) | ||
| 60–69 | 17.73 (16.58–18.87) | 18.96 (16.11–21.81) | 2.07 (1.57–2.73) | 2.11 (1.54–2.89) | ||
| 70–79 | 10.81 (9.94–11.69) | 25.45 (22.11–28.89) | 3.02 (2.31–3.96) | 2.55 (1.82–3.57) | ||
| >80 | 2.27 (1.87–2.67) | 38.13 (29.59–46.68) | 5.45 (3.57–8.31) | 5.26 (2.90–9.55) | ||
| House income (5,374) | 0.04 | 0.93 | ||||
| Lower (%) | 18.14 (16.80–19.49) | 23.28 (20.10–26.47) | 1.44 (1.07–1.94) | 0.99 (0.73–1.36) | ||
| Lower-middle (%) | 26.39 (24.73–28.06) | 13.85 (11.511–16.19) | 1.03 (0.79–1.35) | 0.92 (0.68–1.23) | ||
| Upper-middle (%) | 26.98 (25.42–28.54) | 12.19 (9.89–14.49) | 1 (0.75–1.33) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | ||
| Upper (%) | 28.48 (26.64–30.33) | 11.87 (9.78–13.95) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Physical examination | ||||||
| Waist circumference (5,430) | 0.71 | |||||
| <90 cm | 72.21 (70.63–73.78) | 14.34 (12.75–15.93) | 1 | |||
| ≥90 cm | 27.79 (26.22–29.37) | 15.11 (12.72–17.51) | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | |||
| Serum TG level (5.035) | 0.13 | |||||
| <150 mg/dL | 54.30 (52.55–56.04) | 13.73 (12.06–15.40) | 1 | |||
| ≥150 mg/dL | 45.70 (43.96–47.45) | 14.48 (12.43–16.52) | 1.17 (0.96–1.44) | |||
| Serum HDL level (5,066) | 0.12 | |||||
| >40 mg/dL | 67.33 (65.70–68.95) | 13.92 (12.30–15.53) | 1 | |||
| ≤40 mg/dL | 32.67 (31.05–34.30) | 14.72 (12.59–16.84) | 1.04 (0.84–1.23) | |||
| Vitamin D (5,450) | 0.02 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.06 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | ||
| Otologic examination | ||||||
| TM perforation (No) | 96.86 (96.26–97.46) | 13.99 (12.61–15.37) | 0.41 | 1 | ||
| (5,009) (Yes) | 3.14 (2.54–3.74) | 19.42 (11.98–26.86) | 1.22 (0.76–1.99) | |||
| Cholesteatoma (No) | 97.85 (97.33–98.36) | 14.13 (12.74–15.53) | 0.99 | 1 | ||
| (5,009) (Yes) | 2.15 (1.64–2.67) | 15.36 (7.69–23.02) | 1.00 (0.55–1.81) | |||
| Otitis media with effusion (No) | 99.30 (99.00–99.59) | 14.10 (12.07–15.50) | 0.55 | 1 | ||
| (5,009) (Yes) | 0.70 (0.41–1.00) | 22.66 (6.41–38.91) | 1.36 (0.50–3.72) | |||
| Chronic otitis media (No) | 95.13 (94.35–95.90) | 14.00 (12.62–15.39) | 0.70 | 1 | ||
| (5,009) (Yes) | 4.87 (4.10–5.64) | 17.19 (11.53–22.85) | 1.08 (0.73–1.61) | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension (5,253)c | 0.88 | |||||
| No | 45.13 (43.38–46.88) | 13.47 (11.60–15.34) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 54.87 (53.12–56.62) | 15.07 (13.26–16.88) | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | |||
| DM (5,035) | 0.46 | |||||
| No | 76.13 (74.59–77.67) | 13.43 (11.90–14.96) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 23.87 (22.33–25.41) | 16.12 (13.46–18.78) | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | |||
| Cerebral stroke (5,268) | 0.00 | 0.09 | ||||
| No | 97.55 (97.11–97.99) | 13.90 (12.52–15.28) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.45 (2.01–2.89) | 31.51 (24.10–38.92) | 1.85 (1.29–2.66) | 1.41 (0.95–2.11) | ||
| Myocardial infarction (5,268) | 0.43 | |||||
| No | 96.33 (95.74–96.92) | 14.07 (12.67–15.46) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 3.67 (3.08–4.26) | 21.31 (14.61–28.01) | 1.20 (0.77–1.86) | |||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (5,106) | 0.75 | |||||
| No | 99.07 (98.77–99.36) | 14.33 (12.93–15.73) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.93 (0.64–1.23) | 20.65 (6.66–34.65) | 1.15 (0.49–2.67) | |||
| Arthritis (5,268) | 0.00 | 0.05 | ||||
| No | 91.12 (90.24–92.01) | 13.28 (11.89–14.66) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 8.88 (7.99–9.76) | 25.16 (20.63–29.69) | 1.73 (1.32–2.26) | 1.38 (1.00–1.92) | ||
| Depression (5,268) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| No | 91.38 (90.46–92.30) | 13.16 (11.78–14.54) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 8.62 (7.70–9.54) | 26.74 (21.42–32.06) | 2.32 (1.73–3.10) | 1.71 (1.24–2.36) | ||
| Functional status | ||||||
| Limited functional status due to visual acuity (5,265) | 0.00 | 0.03 | ||||
| No limitation | 89.35 (88.28–90.43) | 12.82 (11.43–14.21) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Limitation due to visual acuity | 0.83 (0.52–1.13) | 22.99 (10.63–35.34) | 1.70 (0.88–3.26) | 1.39 (0.69–2.80) | ||
| Limitation but no due to visual acuity | 9.82 (8.79–10.86) | 27.24 (22.40–32.07) | 2.09 (1.58–2.77) | 1.56 (1.11–2.19) | ||
| Physical performance (5,265) | 0.00 | 0.04 | ||||
| No difficulties in walking | 86.87 (85.75–87.98) | 12.08 (10.72–13.44) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Partial difficulties in walking | 12.61 (11.53–13.70) | 28.08 (24.05–32.11) | 2.12 (1.68–2.68) | 1.45 (1.05–2.01) | ||
| Bedridden | 0.52 (0.30–0.74) | 54.01 (32.80–75.22) | 5.17 (1.91–14.00) | 2.71 (0.81–9.11) | ||
| Activity of daily living (5,265) | 0.00 | 0.96 | ||||
| No difficulties in ADL | 91.53 (90.57–92.49) | 12.79 (11.41–14.17) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Partial difficulties in ADL | 7.44 (6.57–8.30) | 29.71 (24.31–35.12) | 2.20 (1.64–2.97) | 1.01 (0.69–1.49) | ||
| Cannot do ADL | 1.04 (0.71–1.36) | 38.59 (23.63–53.56) | 3.05 (1.68–5.55) | 1.13 (0.48–2.66) | ||
| Health behavior | ||||||
| Smoking (5,266) | 0.02 | 0.07 | ||||
| No | 58.82 (57.14–60.50) | 14.12 (12.54–15.69) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 41.18 (39.50–42.86) | 14.49 (12.48–16.49) | 1.25 (1.03–1.50) | 1.2 (0.98–1.46) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (once a month) (5,248) | 0.12 | |||||
| No | 27.38 (25.85–28.91) | 17.49 (15.01–19.97) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 72.62 (71.09–74.15) | 13.10 (11.59–14.61) | 0.85 (0.69–1.05) | |||
| Sleep hours (5,256) | 0.44 | |||||
| ≤5 hr | 13.30 (12.17–14.43) | 18.20 (14.86–21.53) | 1.20 (0.97–1.59) | |||
| ≤6 hr | 27.76 (26.18–29.34) | 13.46 (11.29–15.62) | 1.03 (0.79–1.35) | |||
| ≤7 hr | 29.43 (27.81–31.04) | 13.02 (10.84–15.20) | 1 | |||
| ≤8 hr | 22.22 (20.83–23.61) | 13.44 (10.78–16.10) | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | |||
| ≥9 hr | 7.30 (6.37–8.22) | 17.89 (13.03–22.75) | 1.19 (0.82–1.74) | |||
| Perception of stress (5,266) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Very much | 3.39 (2.79–3.98) | 18.85 (12.16–25.54) | 2.05 (1.25–3.35) | 1.44 (0.85–2.43) | ||
| Much | 18.00 (16.69–19.30) | 18.67 (15.63–21.70) | 2.30 (1.65–3.21) | 1.72 (1.21–2.44) | ||
| Little | 60.95 (59.40–62.50) | 12.74 (11.04–14.44) | 1.26 (0.96–1.65) | 1.13 (0.85–1.49) | ||
| None | 17.67 (16.42–18.92) | 14.18 (11.55–16.81) | 1 | 1 | ||
ADL, activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; TG, triglycerides; TM, tympanic membrane.
aProportion of participants in the same group.
bPrevalence of dizziness in the subgroup.
cNumbers in parentheses: number of participants included in that particular factor.
dVariables with P-value ≤0.05 in univariable analysis were selected.
Adjusted for age.