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. 2018 Apr 5;28(4):176–184. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20160113

Table 3. Analysis of associated factors in women over 40 years old (n = 7,203).

Variables N (%)a (95% CI) Dizzinessb (95% CI) Univariable analysis Multivariable analysisd


P value OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI)
Demographic data
Age, years (7,203)c     0.00   0.02  
 40–49 33.85 (32.18–35.51) 18.05 (15.90–20.20)   1   1
 50–59 29.11 (27.71–30.51) 21.50 (19.13–23.87)   1.24 (1.03–1.51)   1.10 (0.88–1.36)
 60–69 17.86 (16.83–18.87) 31.30 (28.22–34.38)   2.07 (1.70–2.52)   1.40 (1.09–1.79)
 70–79 14.55 (13.55–15.56) 37.76 (34.16–41.37)   2.76 (2.24–3.39)   1.54 (1.16–2.04)
 >80 4.63 (4.00–5.26) 37.32 (31.21–43.42)   2.70 (2.00–3.66)   1.36 (0.86–2.14)
House income (7,099)     0.00   0.26  
 Lower (%) 24.86 (23.33–26.39) 36.35 (33.40–39.30)   1.56 (1.27–1.91)   1.15 (0.92–1.45)
 Lower-middle (%) 27.27 (25.88–28.65) 23.86 (21.21–26.50)   1.11 (0.90–1.37)   1.00 (0.79–1.25)
 Upper-middle (%) 23.27 (21.96–24.58) 20.16 (17.54–22.78)   0.96 (0.77–1.20)   0.9 (0.71–1.14)
 Upper (%) 24.60 (23.07–26.13) 20.27 (17.81–22.74)   1   1
Physical examination
Waist circumference (7,178)     0.72      
 <80 cm 48.59 (46.94–50.24) 23.87 (21.91–25.83)   1    
 ≥80 cm 51.41 (49.76–53.06) 26.47 (24.45–28.49)   0.97 (0.85–1.12)    
Serum TG level (6,538)     0.00   0.00  
 <150 mg/dL 66.25 (64.77–67.72) 21.36 (19.66–23.06)   1   1
 ≥150 mg/dL 33.75 (32.27–35.23) 29.70 (26.96–32.44)   1.34 (1.14–1.58)   1.28 (1.09–1.50)
Serum HDL level (6,571)     0.98      
 >50 mg/dL 46.52 (44.96–48.08) 23.22 (21.17–25.28)   1    
 ≤50 mg/dL 53.48 (51.92–55.04) 25.23 (23.23–27.23)   1.00 (0.87–1.15)    
Vitamin D (7,203)     0.06 0.99 (0.98–1.00)    
Otologic examination
TM perforation (No) 96.61 (96.04–97.18) 24.56 (22.99–26.14) 0.78 1    
 (6,659) (Yes) 3.39 (2.82–3.96) 26.47 (19.27–33.66)   0.95 (0.65–1.39)    
Cholesteatoma (No) 97.25 (96.65–97.85) 24.38 (22.82–25.94) 0.054 1    
 (6,659) (Yes) 2.75 (2.15–3.34) 33.32 (25.27–41.37)   1.43 (0.99–2.06)    
Otitis media with effusion (No) 99.23 (98.91–99.55) 24.53 (22.97–26.09) 0.22 1    
 (6,659) (Yes) 0.77 (0.45–1.09) 37.10 (20.60–53.59)   1.59 (0.75–3.38)    
Chronic otitis media (No) 94.20 (93.41–94.99) 24.29 (22.72–25.87) 0.22 1    
 (6,659) (Yes) 5.80 (5.01–6.59) 30.04 (24.29–35.80)   1.19 (0.9–1.58)    
Comorbidities
Hypertension (6.981)c     0.24      
 No 52.79 (51.01–54.56) 21.27 (19.47–23.07)   1    
 Yes 47.21 (45.44–48.99) 29.11 (26.78–31.45)   1.10 (0.94–1.26)    
DM (6,539)     0.72      
 No 83.13 (81.95–84.32) 23.40 (21.77–25.04)   1    
 Yes 16.87 (15.68–18.05) 28.05 (24.58–31.53)   1.03 (0.86–1.25)    
Cerebral stroke (7,003)     0.04   0.25  
 No 97.94 (97.54–98.34) 24.66 (23.11–26.20)   1   1
 Yes 2.06 (1.66–2.46) 39.15 (30.27–48.03)   1.49 (1.02–2.17)   1.28 (0.84–1.97)
Myocardial infarction (7,003)     0.01   0.07  
 No 96.61 (96.10–97.13) 24.42 (22.87–25.97)   1   1
 Yes 3.39 (2.87–3.90) 40.26 (32.58–47.94)   1.6 (1.15–2.24)   1.39 (0.97–1.97)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6,596)     0.23      
 No 99.78 (99.64–99.91) 24.49 (22.94–26.04)   1    
 Yes 0.22 (0.09–0.36) 13.10 (0.00–28.73)   0.42 (0.10–1.73)    
Arthritis (7,001)     0.01   0.53  
 No 71.98 (70.66–73.31) 22.36 (20.71–24.00)   1   1
 Yes 28.02 (26.69–29.34) 31.64 (29.09–34.18)   1.21 (1.05–1.41)   0.95 (0.80–1.13)
Depression (7,001)     0.00   0.02  
 No 78.14 (76.94–79.35) 22.77 (21.19–24.35)   1   1
 Yes 21.86 (20.65–23.06) 32.74 (29.63–35.85)   1.66 (1.42–1.92)   1.23 (1.03–1.47)
Functional status
Limited functional status due to visual acuity (6,995)   0.00   0.04  
 No limitation 85.40 (84.33–86.47) 22.13 (20.60–23.66)   1   1
 Limitation due to visual acuity 0.66 (0.437–0.89) 40.88 (24.39–57.36)   2.06 (0.97–4.37)   1.72 (0.80–3.68)
 Limitation but no due to visual acuity 13.93 (12.87–15.00) 41.30 (37.04–45.56)   2.03 (1.67–2.47)   1.32 (1.04–1.69)
Physical performance (6,995)     0.00   0.01  
 No difficulties in walking 75.40 (74.11–76.69) 20.46 (18.85–22.06)   1   1
 Partial difficulties in walking 23.44 (22.14–24.74) 37.38 (34.26–40.49)   1.82 (1.54–2.15)   1.35 (1.09–1.67)
 Bedridden 1.16 (0.85–1.47) 63.95 (52.26–75.63)   4.86 (2.91–8.13)   2.12 (1.09–4.12)
Activity of daily living (6,990)     0.00   0.18  
 No difficulties in ADL 85.15 (84.13–86.16) 21.85 (20.33–23.37)   1   1
 Partial difficulties in ADL 12.94 (11.97–13.91) 40.69 (36.40–44.99)   1.91 (1.59–2.30)   1.18 (0.92–1.52)
 Cannot do ADL 1.91 (1.55–2.27) 54.68 (44.44–64.91)   3.00 (1.96–4.58)   1.55 (0.88–2.71)
Health behavior
Smoking (6,981)     0.00   0.00  
 No 95.26 (94.63–95.89) 24.33 (22.76–25.91)   1   1
 Yes 4.74 (4.11–5.37) 36.16 (29.75–42.58)   1.90 (1.42–2.55)   1.61 (1.15–2.27)
Alcohol consumption (once a month) (6,958)     0.00   0.04  
 No 66.71 (65.33–68.09) 27.37 (25.54–29.19)   1   1
 Yes 33.29 (31.91–34.67) 20.09 (17.96–22.23)   0.80 (0.70–0.93)   0.85 (0.73–0.99)
Sleep hours (6,961)     0.00   0.05  
 ≤5 hr 21.20 (20.05–22.34) 32.99 (29.71–36.27)   1.58 (1.29–1.93)   1.36 (1.09–1.68)
 ≤6 hr 26.57 (25.32–27.82) 22.76 (20.29–25.22)   1.12 (0.92–1.36)   1.10 (0.89–1.36)
 ≤7 hr 25.94 (24.65–27.22) 20.55 (18.21–22.88)   1   1
 ≤8 hr 20.12 (18.99–21.24) 23.38 (20.37–26.38)   1.18 (0.96–1.45)   1.16 (0.93–1.45)
 ≥9 hr 6.18 (5.44–6.92) 29.75 (24.22–35.28)   1.43 (1.05–1.94)   1.36 (0.99–1.86)
Perception of stress (6,976)     0.00   0.00  
 Very much 4.97 (4.35–5.60) 39.54 (33.11–45.96)   2.63 (1.89–3.66)   1.88 (1.31–2.69)
 Much 21.82 (20.62–23.02) 31.10 (28.07–34.12)   1.86 (1.51–2.28)   1.48 (1.17–1.86)
 Little 56.79 (55.39–58.19) 21.82 (20.05–23.59)   1.21 (1.99–1.47)   1.13 (0.92–1.39)
 None 16.41 (15.36–17.47) 22.88 (19.89–25.86)   1   1

ADL, activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; TG, triglycerides; TM, tympanic membrane.

aProportion of participants in the same group.

bPrevalence of dizziness in the subgroup.

cNumbers in parentheses: number of participants included in that particular factor.

dVariables with P-value ≤0.05 in univariable analysis were selected.

Adjusted for age.