Table 3. Analysis of associated factors in women over 40 years old (n = 7,203).
| Variables | N (%)a (95% CI) | Dizzinessb (95% CI) | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysisd | ||
| P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Demographic data | ||||||
| Age, years (7,203)c | 0.00 | 0.02 | ||||
| 40–49 | 33.85 (32.18–35.51) | 18.05 (15.90–20.20) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 50–59 | 29.11 (27.71–30.51) | 21.50 (19.13–23.87) | 1.24 (1.03–1.51) | 1.10 (0.88–1.36) | ||
| 60–69 | 17.86 (16.83–18.87) | 31.30 (28.22–34.38) | 2.07 (1.70–2.52) | 1.40 (1.09–1.79) | ||
| 70–79 | 14.55 (13.55–15.56) | 37.76 (34.16–41.37) | 2.76 (2.24–3.39) | 1.54 (1.16–2.04) | ||
| >80 | 4.63 (4.00–5.26) | 37.32 (31.21–43.42) | 2.70 (2.00–3.66) | 1.36 (0.86–2.14) | ||
| House income (7,099) | 0.00 | 0.26 | ||||
| Lower (%) | 24.86 (23.33–26.39) | 36.35 (33.40–39.30) | 1.56 (1.27–1.91) | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) | ||
| Lower-middle (%) | 27.27 (25.88–28.65) | 23.86 (21.21–26.50) | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 1.00 (0.79–1.25) | ||
| Upper-middle (%) | 23.27 (21.96–24.58) | 20.16 (17.54–22.78) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.9 (0.71–1.14) | ||
| Upper (%) | 24.60 (23.07–26.13) | 20.27 (17.81–22.74) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Physical examination | ||||||
| Waist circumference (7,178) | 0.72 | |||||
| <80 cm | 48.59 (46.94–50.24) | 23.87 (21.91–25.83) | 1 | |||
| ≥80 cm | 51.41 (49.76–53.06) | 26.47 (24.45–28.49) | 0.97 (0.85–1.12) | |||
| Serum TG level (6,538) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| <150 mg/dL | 66.25 (64.77–67.72) | 21.36 (19.66–23.06) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≥150 mg/dL | 33.75 (32.27–35.23) | 29.70 (26.96–32.44) | 1.34 (1.14–1.58) | 1.28 (1.09–1.50) | ||
| Serum HDL level (6,571) | 0.98 | |||||
| >50 mg/dL | 46.52 (44.96–48.08) | 23.22 (21.17–25.28) | 1 | |||
| ≤50 mg/dL | 53.48 (51.92–55.04) | 25.23 (23.23–27.23) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | |||
| Vitamin D (7,203) | 0.06 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | ||||
| Otologic examination | ||||||
| TM perforation (No) | 96.61 (96.04–97.18) | 24.56 (22.99–26.14) | 0.78 | 1 | ||
| (6,659) (Yes) | 3.39 (2.82–3.96) | 26.47 (19.27–33.66) | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | |||
| Cholesteatoma (No) | 97.25 (96.65–97.85) | 24.38 (22.82–25.94) | 0.054 | 1 | ||
| (6,659) (Yes) | 2.75 (2.15–3.34) | 33.32 (25.27–41.37) | 1.43 (0.99–2.06) | |||
| Otitis media with effusion (No) | 99.23 (98.91–99.55) | 24.53 (22.97–26.09) | 0.22 | 1 | ||
| (6,659) (Yes) | 0.77 (0.45–1.09) | 37.10 (20.60–53.59) | 1.59 (0.75–3.38) | |||
| Chronic otitis media (No) | 94.20 (93.41–94.99) | 24.29 (22.72–25.87) | 0.22 | 1 | ||
| (6,659) (Yes) | 5.80 (5.01–6.59) | 30.04 (24.29–35.80) | 1.19 (0.9–1.58) | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension (6.981)c | 0.24 | |||||
| No | 52.79 (51.01–54.56) | 21.27 (19.47–23.07) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 47.21 (45.44–48.99) | 29.11 (26.78–31.45) | 1.10 (0.94–1.26) | |||
| DM (6,539) | 0.72 | |||||
| No | 83.13 (81.95–84.32) | 23.40 (21.77–25.04) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 16.87 (15.68–18.05) | 28.05 (24.58–31.53) | 1.03 (0.86–1.25) | |||
| Cerebral stroke (7,003) | 0.04 | 0.25 | ||||
| No | 97.94 (97.54–98.34) | 24.66 (23.11–26.20) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.06 (1.66–2.46) | 39.15 (30.27–48.03) | 1.49 (1.02–2.17) | 1.28 (0.84–1.97) | ||
| Myocardial infarction (7,003) | 0.01 | 0.07 | ||||
| No | 96.61 (96.10–97.13) | 24.42 (22.87–25.97) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 3.39 (2.87–3.90) | 40.26 (32.58–47.94) | 1.6 (1.15–2.24) | 1.39 (0.97–1.97) | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6,596) | 0.23 | |||||
| No | 99.78 (99.64–99.91) | 24.49 (22.94–26.04) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 0.22 (0.09–0.36) | 13.10 (0.00–28.73) | 0.42 (0.10–1.73) | |||
| Arthritis (7,001) | 0.01 | 0.53 | ||||
| No | 71.98 (70.66–73.31) | 22.36 (20.71–24.00) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 28.02 (26.69–29.34) | 31.64 (29.09–34.18) | 1.21 (1.05–1.41) | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) | ||
| Depression (7,001) | 0.00 | 0.02 | ||||
| No | 78.14 (76.94–79.35) | 22.77 (21.19–24.35) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 21.86 (20.65–23.06) | 32.74 (29.63–35.85) | 1.66 (1.42–1.92) | 1.23 (1.03–1.47) | ||
| Functional status | ||||||
| Limited functional status due to visual acuity (6,995) | 0.00 | 0.04 | ||||
| No limitation | 85.40 (84.33–86.47) | 22.13 (20.60–23.66) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Limitation due to visual acuity | 0.66 (0.437–0.89) | 40.88 (24.39–57.36) | 2.06 (0.97–4.37) | 1.72 (0.80–3.68) | ||
| Limitation but no due to visual acuity | 13.93 (12.87–15.00) | 41.30 (37.04–45.56) | 2.03 (1.67–2.47) | 1.32 (1.04–1.69) | ||
| Physical performance (6,995) | 0.00 | 0.01 | ||||
| No difficulties in walking | 75.40 (74.11–76.69) | 20.46 (18.85–22.06) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Partial difficulties in walking | 23.44 (22.14–24.74) | 37.38 (34.26–40.49) | 1.82 (1.54–2.15) | 1.35 (1.09–1.67) | ||
| Bedridden | 1.16 (0.85–1.47) | 63.95 (52.26–75.63) | 4.86 (2.91–8.13) | 2.12 (1.09–4.12) | ||
| Activity of daily living (6,990) | 0.00 | 0.18 | ||||
| No difficulties in ADL | 85.15 (84.13–86.16) | 21.85 (20.33–23.37) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Partial difficulties in ADL | 12.94 (11.97–13.91) | 40.69 (36.40–44.99) | 1.91 (1.59–2.30) | 1.18 (0.92–1.52) | ||
| Cannot do ADL | 1.91 (1.55–2.27) | 54.68 (44.44–64.91) | 3.00 (1.96–4.58) | 1.55 (0.88–2.71) | ||
| Health behavior | ||||||
| Smoking (6,981) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| No | 95.26 (94.63–95.89) | 24.33 (22.76–25.91) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 4.74 (4.11–5.37) | 36.16 (29.75–42.58) | 1.90 (1.42–2.55) | 1.61 (1.15–2.27) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (once a month) (6,958) | 0.00 | 0.04 | ||||
| No | 66.71 (65.33–68.09) | 27.37 (25.54–29.19) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 33.29 (31.91–34.67) | 20.09 (17.96–22.23) | 0.80 (0.70–0.93) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | ||
| Sleep hours (6,961) | 0.00 | 0.05 | ||||
| ≤5 hr | 21.20 (20.05–22.34) | 32.99 (29.71–36.27) | 1.58 (1.29–1.93) | 1.36 (1.09–1.68) | ||
| ≤6 hr | 26.57 (25.32–27.82) | 22.76 (20.29–25.22) | 1.12 (0.92–1.36) | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) | ||
| ≤7 hr | 25.94 (24.65–27.22) | 20.55 (18.21–22.88) | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≤8 hr | 20.12 (18.99–21.24) | 23.38 (20.37–26.38) | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) | ||
| ≥9 hr | 6.18 (5.44–6.92) | 29.75 (24.22–35.28) | 1.43 (1.05–1.94) | 1.36 (0.99–1.86) | ||
| Perception of stress (6,976) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Very much | 4.97 (4.35–5.60) | 39.54 (33.11–45.96) | 2.63 (1.89–3.66) | 1.88 (1.31–2.69) | ||
| Much | 21.82 (20.62–23.02) | 31.10 (28.07–34.12) | 1.86 (1.51–2.28) | 1.48 (1.17–1.86) | ||
| Little | 56.79 (55.39–58.19) | 21.82 (20.05–23.59) | 1.21 (1.99–1.47) | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | ||
| None | 16.41 (15.36–17.47) | 22.88 (19.89–25.86) | 1 | 1 | ||
ADL, activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; TG, triglycerides; TM, tympanic membrane.
aProportion of participants in the same group.
bPrevalence of dizziness in the subgroup.
cNumbers in parentheses: number of participants included in that particular factor.
dVariables with P-value ≤0.05 in univariable analysis were selected.
Adjusted for age.