Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants by daily coffee consumption.
| Characteristics | Men (n = 41,727) | P | ||||
| No Coffee | <1 Cup/day | 1–2 Cups/day | 3–4 Cups/day | ≥5 Cups/day | ||
| Number of participants | 13,191 | 12,767 | 10,414 | 3,921 | 1,434 | |
| Number of lung cancer cases | 403 | 370 | 296 | 109 | 49 | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 53.7 (7.7) | 52.0 (7.7) | 50.6 (7.8) | 48.4 (7.3) | 48.9 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.5 (2.9) | 23.6 (2.8) | 23.5 (2.8) | 23.4 (2.9) | 23.3 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 8.6 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 3.9 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 43.4 | 50.0 | 56.2 | 69.6 | 76.9 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity almost daily, % | 6.1 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 5.5 | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Total energy intake, kcal/day, mean (SD) | 1,952 (552) | 1,953 (551) | 1,901 (516) | 1,881 (512) | 1,919 (527) | <0.001 |
| Fruits, g/day, mean (SD) | 27 (30) | 27 (26) | 27 (28) | 26 (27) | 28 (37) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables, g/day, mean (SD) | 47 (45) | 45 (46) | 44 (42) | 40 (39) | 44 (53) | <0.001 |
| Isoflavone, mg/day, mean (SD) | 18 (10) | 17 (9) | 16 (9) | 15 (9) | 15 (9) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, g/week, mean (SD) | 205 (218) | 186 (209) | 174 (201) | 157 (197) | 154 (220) | <0.001 |
| Green tea >1 time/day, % | 75.6 | 75.2 | 74.5 | 70.1 | 65.1 | <0.001 |
| Chinese tea >1 time/day, % | 10.4 | 8.7 | 11.8 | 9.3 | 10.9 | <0.001 |
| Black tea >1 time/day, % | 1.7 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Characteristics | Women (n = 45,352) | P | ||||
| No Coffee | <1 Cup/day | 1–2 Cups/day | 3–4 Cups/day | ≥5 Cups/day | ||
| Number of participants | 15,202 | 13,554 | 12,573 | 3,155 | 868 | |
| Number of lung cancer cases | 163 | 139 | 103 | 23 | 13 | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 55.1 (7.7) | 52.4 (7.8) | 50.0 (7.5) | 47.3 (6.6) | 48.2 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.7 (3.3) | 23.6 (3.1) | 23.4 (3.1) | 23.2 (3.0) | 23.4 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 4.9 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 4.2 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 13.1 | 23.6 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity almost daily, % | 5.8 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 3.2 | 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Total energy intake, kcal/day, mean (SD) | 1,221 (305) | 1,248 (304) | 1,247 (296) | 1,230 (297) | 1,295 (322) | <0.001 |
| Fruits, g/day, mean (SD) | 102 (75) | 100 (66) | 95 (67) | 89 (75) | 90 (90) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables, g/day, mean (SD) | 112 (92) | 106 (82) | 103 (84) | 92 (81) | 93 (92) | <0.001 |
| Isoflavone, mg/day, mean (SD) | 26 (13) | 24 (12) | 23 (11) | 22 (12) | 20 (12) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, g/week, mean (SD) | 10 (54) | 11 (54) | 11 (50) | 17 (82) | 19 (58) | <0.001 |
| Green tea >1 time/day, % | 77.1 | 77.8 | 74.7 | 66.4 | 66.6 | <0.001 |
| Chinese tea >1 time/day, % | 12.1 | 11.0 | 14.0 | 13.7 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
| Black tea >1 time/day, % | 1.8 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 5.0 | <0.001 |
SD denotes standard deviation. The body mass index is the weight divided by the square of the height in meters.