Table 1.
Clinical characteristics, cognition and psychopathological evaluation of patients with Parkinson’s disease with positive and no positive response to cueing and controls
| Controls | Patients with PD | Patients vs. controls | Patients with PD, PR vs. NPR | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Positive response (PR) | Non-positive response (NPR) | p | p | ||
| Participants (n) | 39 | 39 | 22 | 17 | ||
| Age | 62 ± 10 | 62 ± 10 | 65 ± 11 | 60 ± 8 | 1 | 0.25 |
| Gender (number of males) | 24 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Disease duration (years) | – | 8 ± 5 | 8 ± 4 | 9 ± 6 | – | |
| Age at onset | – | 54 ± 10 | 56 ± 11 | 51 ± 8 | – | 0.16 |
| LEDD | 0 | 909 ± 496 | 772 ± 367 | 948 ± 604 | – | 0.3 |
| Hoehn and Yahr | 0 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 0.3 |
| MDS-UPDRS-III | 2.3 ± 2.9 | 24.3 ± 13.2 | 26.1 ± 15.9 | 21.9 ± 8.4 | <0.001 | 0.3 |
| Falls Self Efficacy Scale Score | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 11.1 ± 3.8 | 11.0 ± 3.5 | 11.3 ± 4.2 | <0.001 | 0.8 |
| Axial signs | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 3.9 ± 2.5 | 3.24 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | 0.7 |
| MDS-UPDRS-I | 3.23 ± 2.4 | 11.5 ± 6.4 | 11.1 ± 6.3 | 11.8 ± 6.6 | <0.001 | 0.7 |
| MDS-UPDRS-II | 0.76 ± 3.2 | 11.6 ± 5.5 | 11.3 ± 5.3 | 12.0 ± 5.9 | <0.001 | 0.7 |
| MDS-UPDRS-IV | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 3.1 ± 2.9 | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 4.55 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | 0.5 |
| MOCA | 27.5 ± 1.9 | 27.2 ± 2.3 | 26.8 ± 3.2 | 27.7 ± 2.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
| Apathy (lars) | –11.4 ± 2.4 | −9.8 ± 3.5 | –10.1 ± 2.8 | −9.5 ± 4.2 | 0.02 | 0.3 |
| Depression (BDI) | 5.7 ± 6.4 | 13.7 ± 9.2 | 13.0 ± 9.5 | 14.6 ± 9.1 | <0.01 | 0.3 |
| Working memory (WAIS digit span) | 11.2 ± 2.5 | 10.2 ± 2.9 | 9.9 ± 3.1 | 10.5 ± 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| Cognitive flexibility | ||||||
| Trail making test A | 37.3 ± 19.3 | 50.1 ± 39.5 | 59.2 ± 50.6 | 38.7 ± 12.5 | 0.07 | 0.08 |
| Trail making test B | 89.8 ± 30.0 | 129.8 ± 89.1 | 136.0 ± 97.4 | 122.1 ± 79.9 | 0.01 | 0.63 |
| B/A ratio | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Wisconsin | ||||||
| Number of catergories | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 4.6 ± 1.6 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 0.002 | 0.2 |
| Number of errors | 6.4 ± 4.2 | 10.5 ± 7.0 | 12.0 ± 7.6 | 8.4 ± 5.6 | 0.003 | 0.1 |
| Number of perseverations | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 3.3 | 3.8 ± 3.8 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Inhibition (stroop) | ||||||
| Naming raw time | 60.9 ± 11.2 | 71.5 ± 18.7 | 74.9 ± 21.3 | 66.9 ± 13.7 | 0.003 | 0.2 |
| Reading raw time | 42.9 ± 6.6 | 49.8 ± 11.9 | 50.6 ± 13.4 | 48.8 ± 9.8 | 0.002 | 0.6 |
| Interference raw time | 115.5 ± 32.7 | 144.5 ± 83.2 | 159.4 ± 99.7 | 125.1 ± 52.0 | 0.05 | 0.2 |
| Naming score | 42.3 ± 16.9 | 45.0 ± 26.6 | 49.6 ± 27.5 | 39.1 ± 25.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
| Interefence score | 89.5 ± 34.1 | 96.4 ± 59.5 | 103.7 ± 58.5 | 86.8 ± 61.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 |