Table 1.
Baseline clinical and laboratory
| Characteristics | Severe malaria N = 90 |
Uncomplicated malaria N = 94 | Sepsis N = 19 |
Healthy N = 61d |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 63 (70%) | 74 (79%) | 9 (47%) | 0.009 | |
| Age (year)* | 32 (25–45) | 29 (21–45) | 35 (25–48) | 0.205 | |
| Glasgow Coma Scale score* | 10 (8–14) | 15 (15–15) | 14 (8–15) | < 0.001 | |
| GCS score < 11, n (%) | 59/90 (66%) | 0 (0%) | 6/19 (32%) | ||
| Parasitaemia (count/μl) | 41,929 (26,191–67,127) | 10,287 (5959–17,758) | < 0.001 | ||
| PfHRP2 (ng/ml) | 1740 (1333–2272) | 240.3 (167.8–344.1) | < 0.001 | ||
| Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 2.8 (2.3–3.5, 0.2–44.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4, 0.2–28.3) | 0.94 (0.59–1.49) | < 0.001 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.48 (1.34–1.65) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 1.68 (1.25–2.26) | < 0.001 | |
| Acute kidney injury (creatinine > 3 mg/dl), n (%) | 13/90 (14%) | 0/94 (0%) | 4/19 (21%) | ||
| Plasma concentration (μmol/l)a | |||||
| LA | 4587 (4028–5223) | 2246 (2080–2426) | 2849 (2148–3779) | 1111 (1088–1133) | < 0.001 |
| aHBA | 118.7 (106–133) | 63.07 (56.58–70.3) | 107.7 (86.2–134.6) | 22.18 (21.19–23.21) | < 0.001 |
| bHBA | 139.0 (126.1–153.1) | 101.9 (91.28–113.7) | 247.9 (160.4–383.2) | 71.37 (69.43–73.37) | < 0.001 |
| pHPLA | 9.73 (8.51–11.11) | 5.85 (5.57–6.15) | 8.24 (6.97–9.73) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | < 0.001 |
| Corrected urine concentrations (μmol/mmol CrCl)a, b | |||||
| LA | 9.94 (7.54–13.09) | 2.85 (2.32–3.49) | 13.82 (4.76–40.1) | < 0.001 | |
| aHBA | 0.95 (0.73–1.25) | 0.63 (0.51–0.78) | 1.07 (0.55–2.09) | 0.063 | |
| bHBA | 2.56 (2.17–3.03) | 1.88 (1.57–2.26) | 4.61 (2.13–9.96) | 0.003 | |
| pHPLA | 1.42 (1.09–1.86) | 0.48 (0.34–0.66) | 0.83 (0.30–2.29) | < 0.001 | |
| MMA | 0.14 (0.12–0.17) | 0.23 (0.19–0.28) | 0.15 (0.11–0.22) | < 0.001 | |
| EMA | 0.21 (0.17–0.25) | 0.34 (0.27–0.43) | 0.32 (0.21–0.48) | 0.005 | |
| aKGA | 2.44 (2.09–2.85) | 2.16 (1.89–2.47) | 4.31 (2.77–6.70) | < 0.001 | |
| Urine concentrations (μmol/l)c | |||||
| LA | 560.0 (436.3–718.7) | 166.8 (140.0–198.7) | 370.7 (196.7–698.7) | 247.6 (221.1–277.2) | < 0.001 |
| aHBA | 56.58 (44.39–72.12) | 35.97 (29.98–43.16) | 35.44 (23.43–53.59) | 90.71 (80.0–102.8) | < 0.001 |
| bHBA | 159.4 (142.2–178.7)) | 127.0 (114.4–140.9) | 252.3 (168.7–377.3) | 122.1 (115.3–129.2) | 0.007 |
| pHPLA | 74.98 (60.85–92.40) | 26.31 (20.73–33.40) | 28.57 (17.75–45.97) | 21.76 (16.29–29.08) | < 0.001 |
| MMA | 10.19 (8.51–12.20) | 13.32 (11.20–15.84) | 6.99 (4.53–10.79) | 24.25 (20.79–28.28) | < 0.001 |
| EMA | 13.22 (10.63–16.45) | 19.70 (15.83–24.52) | 11.79 (7.51–18.53) | 45.34 (36.54–56.26) | < 0.001 |
| aKGA | 218.0 (201.5–235.9) | 220.8 (201.9–241.4) | 250.1 (190.8–327.8) | UD | < 0.001 |
Values are geometric mean (95% CI), except * median (IQR)
aFor all plasma specimens, EMA, MMA, α-KGA were assayed but undetectable
bUrine creatinine-adjusted concentrations were corrected as described in the “Methods” section
cActual urine concentrations
dFor healthy participants, clinical parameters and creatinine values were not available