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. 2018 Mar 16;9:386. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00386

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Copyright © 2018 Hu, Strom, Haarith, Chen and Bushley.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Life cycle of the SCN and life stage targeted by nematophagous fungi. (A) A cyst broken open to reveal hundreds of eggs inside, (B) Eggs each containing a juvenile nematode larvae, (C) Hatched juvenile stage 2 (J2) nematode larvae move through soil toward roots, (D) A juvenile stage 3 (J3) nematode larvae penetrating soybean root and forming a feeding site, and (E) fertilized females develop into cysts on soybean roots and may fall off into surrounding soil when mature. Different guilds of nematophagous fungi target distinct stages of the SCN life cycles. (1) egg-parasites infect eggs within cysts, shown here are hyphae invading an egg and sporulating, (2) endoparasites infect the mobile J2 in soil, and (3) nematode trapping fungi form elaborate hyphal structures to trap nematodes in soil or in rhizosphere surrounding the root.