Table 4.

Association between personal risk factors and ACEs and being a victim-offender versus (a) a victim-only and (b) an offender-only

Risk factor	Victim-offender versus
	Victim-only			Offender-only
	Model 1 (covariate: male)		Model 2 (covariates: male, victimization)		Model 1 (covariate: male)		Model 2 (covariates: male, offending)
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Personal risk factors
Low self-control z-score	1.43	(1.22–1.69)	1.32	(1.12–1.55)	1.21	(1.11–1.32)	1.23	(1.07–1.42)
Cognitive ability	1.00	(0.99–1.01)	1.00	(0.99–1.01)	0.99	(0.99–1.00)	1.00	(0.99–1.01)
Early puberty	1.02	(0.89–1.17)	0.98	(0.85–1.13)	1.06	(0.98–1.15)	1.08	(0.95–1.22)
Conduct disorder diagnosis	2.47	(1.61–3.77)	2.18	(1.41–3.39)	1.45	(1.18–1.77)	1.44	(1.02–2.05)
Childhood self-reported delinquency	1.49	(1.35–1.65)	1.45	(1.31–1.60)	1.08	(1.03–1.13)	1.06	(0.98–1.14)
Childhood substance use	1.53	(1.31–1.79)	1.48	(1.26–1.73)	1.17	(1.08–1.27)	1.18	(1.04–1.34)
Total of all ACEs (up to 19 ACEs)	1.12	(1.05–1.19)	1.08	(1.02–1.16)	1.11	(1.07–1.15)	1.15	(1.09–1.22)
Summary scale of all risk factors	1.41	(1.25–1.59)	1.35	(1.19–1.52)	1.17	(1.10–1.24)	1.18	(1.06–1.31)

Victim-offender versus victim-only models n = 858. Victim-offender versus offender-only models n = 926. Models of model 1 type include the risk factor and male. Models of model 2 type include the risk factor, male, and victimization or offending variety

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval