Table 1.

Constructs related to Optimal Aging, Dimensions, and Indicators and/Scales and Sources Included in the WHI Study.

Construct	Dimensions	WHI Indicator/Scale	Source/Reference
Successful aging	Absence of disease, mobility disability	Activities of Daily Living Scale, major causes of morbidity	Rillamas-Sun et al. (36)
	Perceived health	Perceived Health—single item, ranking health from poor (5) to excellent (1)	Ware and Sherbourne (37) (SF-36)
	Functional performance	Independent living—residing in place with special services or nursing home	Woods et al. (11)
		Physical functioning—10-item scale, scores ranging from 0 to 100 (highest)	Ware and Sherbourne (37) (SF-36)
Effective aging	Resilience	Modified Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) (adapted scoring of three items, 3–18 [higher resilience])	Smith et al. (38)
		Self-Mastery Confident about ability to handle personal problems (0–4 [very often])	Cohen et al. (39) (PSS)
		Environmental Mastery 2 items -Difficulties piling up could not overcome them; things going your way (0–8 [positive])	Cohen et al. (39) (PSS)
		Self-control unable to control important things in life (0–4 [very often])	Cohen et al. (39) (PSS)
Optimal aging	Experienced well-being: hedonic	Emotional Well-being Scale—5 items (0–100; 100 highest)	Ware and Sherbourne (37) (SF-36)
		Have you been happy? 1 item scored 1–6 (all of the time)
		You enjoyed life 1 item (0–3) most of the time	Burman et al. (40) (CES-D)
	Evaluative well-being	Satisfaction with Life Scale—5-item scale scored 5–35 (higher satisfaction with life)	Pavot and Diener (41)
		Positive Relations (MOS Social Support Scale) 9-item scale scored 9 to 45 (highest support)	Sherbourne and Stewart (42)
		Satisfaction with Current quality of life (QOL)—single item scored 0–10 (highest satisfaction with QOL)	Hadorn and Hays (43,44)
	Eudaemonic well-being	Personal Growth Subscale—7-item scale scored 0–28 (highest personal growth)	Ryff et al. (45)
		Purpose in Life Subscale—8-item scale scored 0–32 (highest purpose in life)