Figure 2.

SEM micrograph of the implant surface. (A) Control TiO₂ surface showing typical machined surface topology. (B) After alkali treatment, the surface of Al-Ti shows fine nanometric topology. (C) After alkali treatment and adsorption of kaempferol, the surface of Al-aK shows round-shaped structures. (D) After alkali treatment and co-precipitation of kaempferol, the surface of Al-cK shows round-shaped structures.

Note: Magnification: 10,000×.

Abbreviations: SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TiO₂, titanium dioxide; Al-Ti, alkali-treated TiO₂; Al-aK, alkali-treated adsorption with kaempferol; Al-cK, alkali-treated coprecipitation with kaempferol; JEOL, JEOL Ltd.; SEI, secondary electron image; WD, working distance.