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. 2018 Mar 19;13:1665–1676. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S150786

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© 2018 Tsuchiya et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Normalized ALPase activity with respect to total protein of rBMSCs cultured on the representative experimental groups for 1, 3, and 7 days.

Notes: Data are expressed as means (n=3) with error bars representing standard deviations; ^ap<0.05 compared to control; ^bp<0.05 compared to Al-Ti.

Abbreviations: ALPase, alkaline phosphatase; rBMSC, rat bone marrow stromal cell; TiO₂, titanium dioxide; Al-Ti, alkali-treated TiO₂; Al-aK, alkali-treated adsorption with kaempferol; Al-cK, alkali-treated coprecipitation with kaempferol.