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. 2018 Mar 19;13:1665–1676. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S150786

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© 2018 Tsuchiya et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Gene expression of rBMSCs cultured on the representative experimental groups for (A) 1, (B) 3, and (C) 7 days.

Notes: Data are expressed as means (n=3) with error bars representing standard deviations; ^ap<0.05 compared to control; ^bp<0.05 compared to Al-Ti; ^cp<0.05 compared to Al-cK.

Abbreviations: rBMSC, rat bone marrow stromal cell; Al-Ti, alkali-treated TiO₂; Al-aK, alkali-treated adsorption with kaempferol; Al-cK, alkali-treated coprecipitation with kaempferol; TiO₂, titanium dioxide; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Runx2, runt-related transcription factor-2; OCN, osteocalcin; ON, osteonectin; OPN, osteopontin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ColI, type I collagen.