Table 1.
Patient Characteristics, Injury-Related Variables, and Outcome in the Included and The Nonincluded Patients in the Consecutive Traumatic Brain Injury Cohort
| Variable | Included patients (n = 158) | Nonincluded patients (n = 238) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median, IQR) | 26.7 (19.2–44.9) | 41.6 (23.8–56.0) | <0.001 |
| Sex (male/female, %) | 118/40 (75/25) | 187/51 (79/21) | 0.394 |
| Injury mechanism (%) | |||
| Vehicle accident | 96 (61) | 88 (37) | <0.001 |
| Fall | 42 (27) | 115 (48) | <0.001 |
| Other | 19 (12) | 29 (12) | 1.0 |
| Unknown | 1 (0.6) | 6 (3) | 0.251 |
| Severe TBI (%) | 68 (43) | 141 (59) | 0.001 |
| GCS score (median, IQR) | 9 (6–12) | 7 (4–13) | 0.040 |
| Hypoxia (O2 sat <92)a | 28 (18) | 52 (22) | 0.371 |
| Hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg)a | 19 (12) | 45 (19) | 0.071 |
| Pupil dilatation at admission (%) | |||
| Unilateral dilatation | 12 (8) | 36 (15) | 0.028 |
| Bilateral dilatation | 2 (1) | 29 (12) | <0.001 |
| ISS (median, IQR) | 25 (17–33) | 25 (17–33) | 0.842 |
| BAC ≥100 mg/dL (%)b | 38 (30) | 77 (41) | 0.044 |
| Marshall CT score (%) | |||
| 1–2 | 132 (84) | 95 (40) | <0.001 |
| 3–4 | 25 (16) | 43 (18) | 0.498 |
| 5–6 | 0 (0) | 89 (37) | <0.001 |
| Rotterdam CT score (mean, IQR)c | 2.6 (2–3) | 3.4 (2–4) | <0.001 |
| Mortality at 12 months (%) | 2 (1) | 58 (24) | <0.001 |
| GOSE score at 12 months (median, IQR)d | 7 (5–8) | 6 (3–8) | <0.001 |
IQR, interquartile range; TBI, traumatic brain injury; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; BAC, blood alcohol concentration; CT, computed tomography; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended.
Pre-hospitally or at admission.
126 of the included patients were tested for BAC (81%).
Mean is presented, because median Rotterdam CT score was 3 for both groups.
6-month GOSE score was used if the 12-month GOSE score was missing (n = 8). Seven patients died of a cause other than the TBI, three patients were not possible to assess, and 23 patients were either not planned to or lost to follow-up in the total cohort of 396 patients.