Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by incident hypertension status
| Variables | Overall (N = 3304) |
Not Hypertensive over follow up (N = 2021) |
Hypertensive over follow up (N = 1283) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, (years) | 59 ± 10 | 57 ± 9 | 61 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Males | 1592, 48% | 963, 48% | 629, 49% | 0.44 |
| White | 1404, 42% | 897, 44% | 507, 40% | <0.001 |
| Chinese | 446, 14% | 295, 15% | 151, 12% | |
| Black | 662, 20% | 340, 17% | 322, 25% | |
| Hispanic | 792, 24% | 489, 24% | 303, 24% | |
| Body mass index, (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 5.1 | 26.6 ± 4.7 | 28.3 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 207, 6% | 68, 3% | 139, 11% | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (mg/dl) | 119 ± 31 | 120 ± 31 | 119 ± 31 | 0.50 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (mg/dl) | 51 ± 15 | 52 ± 15 | 50 ± 15 | 0.01 |
| Lipid-lowering medication use | 326, 10% | 177, 9% | 149, 12% | 0.01 |
| Metabolic equivalents physical activity, min/week | 4560 (6199) | 4613 (6188) | 4413 (6248) | 0.32 |
| Healthy diet* | 1736, 53% | 1066, 53% | 670, 52% | 0.77 |
| Frequent addition of salt to food | 1392, 45% | 853, 45% | 539, 45% | 0.93 |
| Family history of CHD | 1210, 39% | 689, 36% | 521, 43% | <0.001 |
| Parental history of hypertension | 1268, 42% | 755, 42% | 513, 41% | 0.86 |
| eGFR, (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 83 ± 16 | 83 ± 15 | 84 ± 17 | 0.35 |
| Urinary albumin/creatinine (mg/g) | 4.3 ± 4.2 | 4.0 ± 3.5 | 4.9 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Current cigarette smoking | 500, 15% | 313, 16% | 187, 15% | 0.049 |
| Current alcohol use | 1972, 60% | 1208, 60% | 764, 60% | 0.72 |
| Coronary artery calcium (CAC) | ||||
| CAC, Agatston units† | 0 (29) | 0 (15) | 0 (62) | <0.001 |
| CAC categories | <0.001 | |||
| CAC 0 | 2009 (61) | 1320 (65) | 689 (54) | |
| CAC 1–100 | 788 (24) | 449 (22) | 339 (26) | |
| CAC 101–400 | 329 (10) | 171 (8) | 158 (12) | |
| CAC >400 | 178 (5) | 81 (4) | 97 (8) | |
| Extra coronary calcium | ||||
| Aortic valve calcium (AVC), Agatston units† | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| AVC categories | <0.001 | |||
| AVC 0 AU | 3044 (92) | 1898 (94) | 1146 (89) | |
| AVC 1–60 AU | 143 (4) | 70 (3) | 73 (6) | |
| AVC 61–7672 AU | 116 (4) | 52 (3) | 64 (5) | |
| Thoracic aortic calcium (TAC), Agatston units† | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| TAC categories | <0.001 | |||
| TAC 0 AU | 2746 (83) | 1737 (86) | 1009 (79) | |
| TAC 1–267 AU | 328 (10) | 177 (9) | 151 (12) | |
| TAC 268–15163 AU | 229 (7) | 107 (5) | 122 (10) | |
| Aortic root calcium (ARC), Agatston units† | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (15) | <0.001 |
| ARC categories | <0.001 | |||
| ARC 0 AU | 2511 (76) | 1612 (80) | 899 (70) | |
| ARC 1–79 AU | 451 (14) | 240 (12) | 211 (16) | |
| ARC 80–3041 AU | 341 (10) | 168 (8) | 173 (13) |
*
Healthy diet consisted of adequate quantities of 5 items identified by the American Heart Association (fruits and vegetables, fish, whole grains, sodium < 1500 mg/day, and sugar-sweetened beverages ≤ 450 kcal (36 oz) per week).
†
Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as counts (percentage).
P-value calculated using Student’s t-test for normally distributed variables, Wilcoxon rank sum test for skewed variables, and chi-square test for categorical variables.
Bolded items are significant.
AU = Agatston Units; CHD = Coronary Heart Disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate.