Figure 3.

Phosphorylated Y489 β-catenin (p–β-catenin^Y489) and phosphorylated Y654 β-catenin (p–β-catenin^Y654) localization in epithelial and mesenchymal cells in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), bleomycin mouse model, and human chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A: Immunofluorescence (IF) for p–β-catenin^Y489 (red) and p–β-catenin^Y654 (red) in mouse lungs after treatment with bleomycin B: Frequency of distribution curves for quantitative IF for nuclear staining for p–β-catenin^Y489. Two-tailed t-test significant for differences between IPF and normal lung tissue (P < 0.0001). C: IF for p–β-catenin^Y489 (red) and p–β-catenin^Y654 (red) in IPF lung tissue, with some p–β-catenin^Y489. Some p–β-catenin^Y489 is also positive for vimentin, pro–surfactant protein B (pro-SPB), and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) (counterstains in green). p–β-Catenin^Y654 expression is limited to epithelial cells expressing pro-SPB or Ep-CAM. D: Frequency of distribution curves for quantitative IF for nuclear staining for p–β-catenin^Y489. E: IF for p–β-catenin^Y489 (red) and p–β-catenin^Y654 (red) in COPD lung tissue. F: Frequency of distribution curves for quantitative IF for intensity of nuclear staining for p–β-catenin^Y489 in normal adult lung, IPF lung, and COPD lung. One-way analysis of variance significant for differences between normal adult lung, COPD lung, and IPF lung nuclei (P < 0.0001). G: Frequency of distribution curves for histocytometry for intensity of nuclear staining for p–β-catenin^Y489 in 18 weeks' fetal lung, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) lung, and IPF lung, showing significant overlap between the groups (P > 0.1). Boxed areas in left panels are shown in higher magnification in right panels (A, C, and E). Scale bar = 20 μm (A, C, and E). Original magnification, ×60 (A, C, and E).