Table 1.
Child, mother, and household characteristics of VHEMBE study participants with a completed weight measurement at the 1 and/or 2-year visits between 2012 and 2015, Limpopo, South Africa (N=708).
| Variable | N (%) | Mean (±SD) |
|---|---|---|
|
Child Characteristics
| ||
| Sex | ||
|
|
||
| Male | 365 (51.6) | |
|
|
||
| Female | 343 (48.4) | |
|
|
||
| Age (days) | ||
|
|
||
| At 1-year visit | 372 (26) | |
|
|
||
| At 2-year visit | 736 (21) | |
|
|
||
| Gestation | ||
|
|
||
| Age (weeks) | 39 (2) | |
|
|
||
| Preterm (<37 weeks) | 92 (13.0) | |
|
|
||
| Full term (>=37 weeks) | 616 (87.0) | |
|
|
||
| Body weight and length at birth | ||
|
|
||
| Weight (g) | 3135 (447) | |
|
|
||
| Weight (z-score) | −0.51 (1.19) | |
|
|
||
| Length (cm) | 48.9 (2.3) | |
|
|
||
| Length (z-score) | −0.58 (1.13) | |
|
|
||
| Body weight, length, and composition at 1-year visit | ||
|
|
||
| Weight (kg) | 9.00 (1.34) | |
|
|
||
| Weight-for-age (z-score) | −0.43 (1.23) | |
|
|
||
| Weight-for-length (z-score) | 0.001 (1.23) | |
|
|
||
| Length (cm) | 73.0 (2.9) | |
|
|
||
| Length-for-age (z-score) | −0.89 (1.13) | |
|
|
||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.9 (1.8) | |
|
|
||
| BMI (z-score) | 0.12 (1.22) | |
|
|
||
| Underweight | 30 (4.3) | |
|
|
||
| Overweight | 41 (5.9) | |
|
|
||
| Body weight, length, and composition at 2-year visit | ||
|
|
||
| Weight (kg) | 11.20 (1.33) | |
|
|
||
| Weight-for-age (z-score) | −0.55 (0.99) | |
|
|
||
| Weight-for-height (z-score) | 0.20 (1.01) | |
|
|
||
| Height (cm) | 82.3 (3.16) | |
|
|
||
| Height (z-score) | −1.50 (0.99) | |
|
|
||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.5 (1.42) | |
|
|
||
| BMI (z-score) | 0.55 (1.03) | |
|
|
||
| Underweight | 11 (1.6) | |
|
|
||
| Overweight | 29 (4.3) | |
|
|
||
| Breast feeding | ||
|
|
||
| Duration (months) | 14.7 (7.9) | |
|
Maternal Characteristics | ||
| Age (years) | 26 (6) | |
|
|
||
| Weight (kg, post-partum) | 68.8 (13.7) | |
|
|
||
| Height (cm) | 158.2 (6.8) | |
|
|
||
| BMI (kg/m2, post-partum) | 27.5 (5.4) | |
|
|
||
| HIV Status | ||
|
|
||
| HIV + | 93 (13.2) | |
|
|
||
| HIV − | 612 (86.8) | |
|
|
||
| Parity | ||
|
|
||
| 0 previous births | 309 (43.6) | |
|
|
||
| 1+ previous births | 399 (56.4) | |
|
|
||
| Educational attainment | ||
|
|
||
| <12 grade | 391 (55.2) | |
|
|
||
| Grade 12 | 213 (30.1) | |
|
|
||
| Further studies started | 47 (6.6) | |
|
|
||
| Diploma or further degree | 57 (8.1) | |
|
|
||
| Smoked during pregnancy | ||
|
|
||
| Yes | 3 (0.4) | |
|
|
||
| No | 705 (99.6) | |
|
Household Characteristics | ||
| Income (Rand) | ||
|
|
||
| At birth | 3127 (3760) | |
|
|
||
| 1-year visit | 3893 (4689) | |
|
|
||
| 2-year visit | 4710 (5095) | |
|
|
||
| Below the Food Poverty Line | ||
|
|
||
| Yes | 428 (60.6) | |
|
|
||
| No | 277 (39.4) | |
|
|
||
| Food Security Index | ||
|
|
||
| At birth | 1.6 (1.8) | |
|
|
||
| 1-year visit | 1.6 (1.9) | |
|
|
||
| 2-year visit | 1.4 (1.8) | |