Table 4.
Risk factors for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) seropositivity in birds
| Risk factors | n | JEV Ab− (%) |
JEV Ab+ (%) |
OR | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bird (n = 45) | |||||||
| Source | Same area Same district Epidemic areas |
23 12 10 |
78.3 50.0 80.0 |
21.7 50.0 20.0 |
1.601 NA NA |
0.433–1.501 NA NA |
P > 0.05 Ref Ref |
| Gender | Male Female |
33 12 |
58.3 75.8 |
41.7 24.2 |
1.758 0.788 |
0.680–4.544 0.494–1.257 |
P > 0.05 Ref |
| Age | Young Adult |
16 29 |
50.0 82.8 |
50.0 17.2 |
2.462 0.513 |
1.177–5.150 0.251–1.049 |
P = 0.020 Ref |
| Breed | Local Import |
26 19 |
57.7 89.5 |
42.3 10.5 |
1.805 0.290 |
1.168–2.791 0.078–1.079 |
P = 0.020 Ref |
| Healthy status | Sick Healthy |
4 41 |
75.0 70.0 |
25.0 29.3 |
0.821 1.019 |
0.094–7.182 0.840–1.235 |
P > 0.05 Ref |
| Owner | Shelter Personal |
– 45 |
NA 71.1 |
NA 28.9 |
NA NA |
NA NA |
Ref Ref |
| Collection area | |||||||
| Locality | Selangor Perak |
22 23 |
63.6 78.3 |
21.7 36.4 |
1.407 0.684 |
0.322–1.451 0.786–2.518 |
P > 0.05 Ref |
| Urban Rural |
10 35 |
63.6 78.3 |
21.7 36.4 |
1.407 0.684 |
0.322–1.451 0.786–2.518 |
P > 0.05 Ref |
|
| Stagnant water | Yes No |
33 12 |
78.8 50.0 |
21.2 50.0 |
0.663 2.462 |
0.390–1.126 0.971–6.239 |
P > 0.05 Ref |
| Paddy field | Yes No |
23 22 |
78.3 63.6 |
21.7 36.4 |
0.684 1.407 |
0.322–1.451 0.786–2.518 |
P > 0.05 Ref |
| Ardeid birds (presence) | Yes No |
39 6 |
74.4 50.0 |
25.6 50.0 |
0.849 2.462 |
0.618–1.166 0.569–10.650 |
P > 0.05 Ref |
| Mosquitoes (presence) | Yes No |
45 – |
71.7 NA |
28.9 NA |
NA NA |
NA NA |
Ref Ref |
Ab− = antibody-positive; Ab+; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval, NA = not applicable, Ref = reference category