Abstract
Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease. CVD is the leading threat to global health, whether measured by mortality, morbidity, or economic cost. Long-term administration of aspirin, statins, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers improves survival in patients with stablished coronary heart disease. Nevertheless, adherence to prescribed medication is poor for long-term drug treatment.
Objective
We aim to assess the relationship between adherences to the four pharmacological groups recommended for secondary prevention and the clinical outcomes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with established CHD according to the level of adherence to these drugs in a population of incident cases of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Methods
Population-based cohort study of patients with a first episode of ACS during 2006-2015 in the Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) database. We will estimate adherence to these drugs. The primary endpoint is a composite of all-cause mortality, ACS, and ischaemic stroke. Bivariate analyses will be performed estimating odds ratios for categorical variables and mean differences for continuous variables. Hazard ratios for adherences will be calculated for outcome events using Cox proportional hazard regression models, and proportionality of hazards assumption will be tested.
Results
We expect to estimate adherence to all four study treatments, the incidence of MACE, and to analyze if this incidence is associated with the level of drug adherence.
Conclusions
We expect to find that adherent patients have a lower risk of the primary endpoints compared with nonadherent patients.
Trial Registration
This study protocol was classified as EPA-OD by the AEMPS (IJG-EST-2017-01-2017-01, 07/04/2017) and registered in the EU PAS register (EUPAS19017, 09/05/2017).
Keywords: cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, adherence, aspirin, statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease. CVD is the leading threat to global health, whether measured by mortality, morbidity, or economic cost [1]. In 2012, it was the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 31% of an estimated 56 million deaths from all causes. Also, CVD was responsible for the largest proportion of deaths for noncommunicable diseases under the age of 70 years, 37% of 16 million deaths [2].
Despite these numbers, the incidence of CVD death has decreased dramatically over the last four decades due to both population-level lifestyle changes in diet, smoking, and physical activity, and the development of effective interventions to treat individuals. The latter includes invasive procedures and effective drugs to tackle modifiable CVD risk factors [3].
A number of randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses and cohort studies have demonstrated that long-term administration of aspirin, statins, beta-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) improve survival in high-risk patients, particularly those with established CVD. Nevertheless, adherence to prescribed medication is poor for long-term drug treatment in CVD [1,4-6]. Different factors have been described to be related with long-term nonadherence [1,5-7].
In a recent cohort study conducted by Bansilal et al [4], 4015 patients who had suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were categorized according to their drug adherence to statin and ACEI into three categories: fully adherent (≥80% proportion of days covered [PDC]), partially adherent (40-79% PDC) or nonadherent (<40% PDC). Fully adherents had lower rates of major cardiovascular events (MACE) than partially adherents, 18.9% vs 24.7% (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.81, 95% CI 0.69-0.94) and nonadherents, 18.9% vs 26.3% (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62-0.85).
In the cohort study conducted by Lafeber et al [8], 2706 CHD patients were included. Of them, 67% were treated with a combination of aspirin, statin, and at least one blood pressure (BP)-lowering agent for secondary prevention. After a median follow-up period of five years, the combination therapy compared with no combination showed lower rates for all events: AMI, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.49-0.96); ischaemic stroke, HR 0.37 (95% CI 0.16-0.84); vascular mortality, HR 0.53 (95% CI 0.33-0.85); composite endpoint of the previous events, HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.49-0.88); and all-cause mortality, HR 0.69 (95% CI 0.49-0.96).
A population-based cohort study performed in Spain assessed adherence to secondary prevention drugs in a cohort of 7462 patients who survived an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [6]. Medication adherence was evaluated by determining the PDC for each therapeutic group (antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, ACEI or ARB, and statins) in the nine months following hospital discharge. Full adherence was defined as PDC75, at least 75% of days of the follow-up period covered by treatments dispensed. PDC75 for antiplatelet agents was reached by 5216 (69.9%) patients, for beta-blockers by 3231 (43.3%) patients, for ACEI/ARB by 3388 (45.4%) patients, and for statins by 4388 (58.8%). Only 3552 (47.6%) patients reached PDC75 for three or more therapeutic groups, whereas 1343 (18%) of patients did not reach PDC75 with any treatment. Some factors found to be related with nonadherence were older age, female sex, or copayment of drugs dispensed.
In a meta-analysis of 20 studies [9] in 376,162 patients assessing adherence to drugs for the primary or secondary prevention of a CHD event using prescription refill frequency, the estimated overall adherence to cardiovascular medications was only 57% (95% CI 50–64) after a median of 24 months, although it was superior in secondary prevention 66% (95% CI 56–75) than in primary prevention users (50%, 95% CI 45–56).
A large epidemiological study enrolled 7519 participants with established CVD from urban and rural communities in countries at various stages of economic development [10]. Use of antiplatelet drugs, beta-blockers, ACEI or ARB, and statins was assessed. Overall, 4421 (58.5%) individuals were not taking any of the four proven effective drugs, whereas 233 (3.1%) were taking all four drug types. Individuals recruited in high-income countries had had a CHD event or stroke a median of 6.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 3.0–10.0) before inclusion. Although medication use increased in line with increase of country economic status, adherence rates in high-income countries were sparse too: 62.0% for antiplatelet drugs, 40.0% for beta-blockers, 49.8% for ACEI or ARB and 66.5% for statins.
A meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials assessed adherence to therapy comparing different dosing regimens in patients with chronic CVD.[11] The study showed that dosing regimens with once-daily administration, compared with two or more daily administrations, were associated with a significant 56% risk reduction of nonadherence to drug therapy (relative risk 0.44, 95% CI 0.35–0.54).
Due to the improvement of morbidity and mortality found with the quadruple drug therapy with antiplatelet, beta-blocker, ACEI or ARB, and statin in patients with established CVD, it is necessary to assess the long-term adherence to these drugs in the Catalan population and its relationship with cardiovascular events and mortality. Our hypothesis is patients with established CHD who adhere to drug therapy with the four recommended pharmacological groups have a lower risk of MACE and all-cause mortality compared with patients who do not adhere to drug therapy.
The main objective of our study is to assess the relationship between adherences to the four pharmacological groups recommended for secondary prevention and the clinical outcomes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with established CHD. The outcomes which are included as components of the composite endpoint are all-cause mortality, ACS, and ischaemic stroke. The secondary objectives are: 1) to assess the incidence of the composite endpoint in patients who are adherent to treatment with all four drugs compared with patients who are adherent to any combination of three, two or one drug, or no drug; 2) to assess the relationship between baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and adherence to drug therapy; 3) to compare the number of days on sickness leave due to any cause according to adherence to drug therapy; 4) to estimate prevalence of use of the four drug treatments; and 5) to describe the posology prescribed for the four drug treatments.
Methods
Study design
The study is a population-based retrospective cohort study.
Study Period
Inclusion period was between 2006-2015. The follow-up period was up to 2016.
Study Population
The study population includes individuals ≥18 years with an incident diagnosis of ACS during the study period 2006-2015, with at least two months of follow-up in the Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) [12] after the index date. The next patients will be excluded: pregnant women on the index date; patients with a recorded diagnosis of ischaemic stroke in the six months prior to index date; patients living in a nursing home on the index date; and patients with Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias.
Case definition: patient with an incident diagnosis of ACS registered in CMBD-HA (dataset of diagnoses at hospital discharge) [13] of the Catalan Health Institute (ICS) within the period from 2006-2015. Index date definition: date of ACS episode.
Data Collection and Data Sources
Diagnoses for study inclusion and endpoints will be obtained from CMBD-HA, which contains diagnoses at hospital discharge from all ICS hospitals, coded with International Classification of Diseases, Nineth Revision (ICD-9) [14]; see Table 1.
Table 1.
International Classification of Diseases, Nineth Revision (ICD-9) codes for endpoints of study and procedures.
| ICD-9 code | Description |
| 411* | Unstable angina and other forms of acute coronary heart disease |
| 410* | Acute myocardial infarction |
| 433*, 434*, 435*, 436*, 437* | Ischaemic stroke |
| 00.66, 36.03, 36.09, 39.50 | Coronary angioplasty |
The rest of the variables will be captured from SIDIAP, which contains anonymized clinical information of all 279 PHC centres managed by the ICS in Catalonia (North-East Spain), covering a population of more than 5.8 million patients (about 80% of the total of 7.5 million population in Catalonia). The information contained in SIDIAP is registered by PHC general practitioners (GP), nurses and administrative staff in ECAP (electronic health records in ICS): comprehensive sociodemographic information, health conditions registered as ICD10 codes [15], specialist referrals, clinical parameters, toxic habits, PHC laboratory test results, GPs prescriptions and their corresponding pharmacy invoice data registered as Anatomical, therapeutic, chemical classification system (ATC) codes [16], date of sickness leave due to any cause, and date of death. Several reports have shown that SIDIAP data is useful for epidemiological research [17-25]. SIDIAP is listed under the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP) resources database [26].
Sample Size
The sample will be all patients with a first episode of ACS registered in CMBD-HA of ICS hospitals who meet all inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria during the study period. In a previous study on patients with ACS conducted with SIDIAP database (publication pending) during the period 2009-2011, there were 3415 cases of ACS for all hospitals in Catalonia. Data from CMBD-HA of ICS hospitals corresponds approximately to 30% of all hospitals. Taking into account that our study period is 2006-2015 (10 years), we estimate to find approximately 3400 cases of ACS meeting inclusion criteria for our study.
Variables
Exposure Definition
Patients will be classified as “exposed” to the study drugs (antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, ACEI or ARB, statins) if they are prescribed any of them after the episode of ACS (up to two months after the event). The dose prescribed in ECAP will be considered the daily dose used for the patient, and the number of tablets contained in each package will cover the same number of days (see drugs of study in Table 2).
Table 2.
Anatomical, therapeutic, chemical classification system (ATC) codes for drugs of interest.
| ATC code | Description of therapeutic group | |
| Study drugs | ||
| B01AC | Platelet-aggregation inhibitors | |
| C07 | Beta-blockers | |
| C09A, C09B | Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | |
| C09C, C09D | Angiotensin-receptor blockers | |
| C10AA, C10B | Statins | |
| Concomitant drugs | ||
| C03 | Diuretics | |
| C02 | Antihypertensive drugs | |
| C08CA, C08D | Calcium-channel blockers (dihydropyridines/verapamil, diltiazem) | |
| B01AA, B01AB, B01AD, B01AE, B01AF, B01AX | Anticoagulants | |
| A10 | Drugs used in diabetes mellitus | |
| C10AB, C10AC, C10AD, C10AX | Other lipid-lowering drugs | |
| C01A, C01B | Digoxin and antiarrhythmic drugs | |
| C01DA | Nitrates | |
| N05A | Antipsychotics | |
| M01A, N02BA, N02BB | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | |
Adherence Definition
To estimate medication adherence, we will calculate the PDC for all four study treatments during eight months of follow-up after the index date. The PDC calculation is based on the packages dispensed and days of supply for each package, considering that the number of tablets contained in one package covers the treatment necessary for 28 or 30 days, depending on the drug. The information will be obtained from the pharmacy invoice data. For the PDC calculation, the numerator is the number of packages dispensed (invoice register) during the first 8 months of follow-up, and the denominator is the period of 8 months, which is the period for the adherence measure. Based on the PDC, patient adherence to each study drug is usually classified into one of two categories using the standard threshold of 75% (≥75%: adherent, <75%: nonadherent) [6,9]. PDC=75% accounts for six packages (each one including one month of drug treatment) dispensed during eight months. We define adherent patients as those who have received at least six packages during the first eight months after the event. Finally, according to adherence to all four study drugs, patients will be classified as adherent if they get the refill for all study drugs: PDC antiplatelet ≥75% + PDC beta-blockers ≥75% + PDC ACEI/ARB ≥75% + PDC statin ≥75%.
Study Endpoints
ICD-9 codes for primary and secondary endpoints can be seen in Table 1. They will be captured from CMBD-HA database.
Primary Endpoint
The primary endpoint will be a composite endpoint of all-cause mortality, ACS and ischaemic stroke. From the index date (first episode of ACS), patients will be followed up to the end of follow-up or until a new diagnosis of any of the endpoints stated above. Patients who experience more than one endpoint during the study follow-up will be censored upon the first event of interest. Patients who do not experience any of the clinical events included in the composite endpoint during the follow-up will be censored at the last date of follow-up.
Secondary Endpoints
The secondary endpoints will be AMI, unstable angina, ischaemic stroke, all-cause mortality, overall number of days on sickness leave due to any cause and due to CVD events, prevalence of use of the four pharmacological groups of interest, posology of the four pharmacological groups of interest.
Other Variables
All the following variables will be considered as potential confounders or effect modifiers in the association between adherence to the drug therapy and risk of the composite endpoint. They will be captured from SIDIAP database:
Patient Baseline Characteristics
All sociodemographic characteristics will be measured on the index date: index year, number of visits to PHC, age, sex, MEDEA index (socioeconomic deprivation index) [27], smoking status, alcohol intake, height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI); the information comes primarily from a codified variable. If the patient has no information, it is calculated from height and weight and physical activity.
Comorbidities and Clinical Parameters
They will be measured closest to the index date: type of cardiovascular event at index date (AMI and unstable angina and other forms of ACS captured from CMBD-HA), presence of coronary angioplasty implant after the event (data source CMBD-HA), cholesterol and other lipid parameters (low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total-cholesterol, and triglycerides), blood pressure measured (systolic and diastolic blood pressure), glycated hemoglobin, glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, specific comorbid conditions (see ICD-10 codes in Table 3), Charlson comorbidity index [28,29].
Table 3.
ICD-10 codes for comorbidities of interest or diseases for exclusion
| ICD-10 code | Description |
| I24*, I25* | Coronary heart disease |
| I63*, I65*, I66*, I67.2, I67.8 | Ischaemic stroke |
| G45 | Transient cerebral ischaemic attack |
| I70*, I73*, I74* | Peripheral vascular disease |
| E78* | Dyslipidaemia |
| I10*, I15* | Hypertension |
| E10*, E11* | Diabetes mellitus |
| I48 | Atrial fibrillation |
| I50* | Heart failure |
| C00*-C97* | Malignancies |
| J40*-J44* | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| F30*-F39* | Depression |
| M05*, M06*, M15*-M19* | Arthritis (osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis) |
| M80*, M81* | Osteoporosis |
| N18* | Chronic kidney disease |
| B20*-B24* | HIV |
| G30*, G31* | Alzheimer’s disease, other dementias |
Concomitant Drug Use
For all patients, baseline information on other medications for CVD prescribed throughout follow-up will be captured from the pharmacy invoice (see ATC codes for drugs in Table 2).
Statistical analysis
Demographic and baseline characteristics of the participants will be described using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and mean, standard deviation or median and interquartile range for continuous variables, as appropriate. Bivariate analyses will be performed estimating odds ratios for categorical variables and mean differences for continuous variables as well as their respective 95% CI. Multiple imputations by chained equations will be used to replace baseline missing values. Case-complete and imputed data results will be compared as a sensitivity analysis. The raw and adjusted HRs for adherences will be calculated for outcome events using Cox proportional hazard regression models, and proportionality of hazards assumption will be tested. Association analyses between adherence to study drugs, incidence of the endpoints or sick leave, and drug therapy (objectives 1, 2 and 3) will be analysed by means of generalized linear models. Objectives 4 and 5 are descriptive and they will be described using frequencies and percentages as appropriate.
Ethical Aspects and Data Confidentiality
The present study follows national and international regulations: Declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects and Good Research Practice principles and guidelines. The study protocol has been approved by Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAP) Jordi Gol Clinical Research Ethics Committee, the reference institution for research in PHC of the ICS, at May 3, 2017. Regarding the data contained in the databases and according to Spanish legislation about confidentiality and data protection (Ley Orgánica 15/1999 de 13 de diciembre de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal), data included in SIDIAP are always anonymized. Thus, it is not necessary to ask for informed consent from the participants.
Results
We expect to estimate adherence to all four study treatments, the incidence of MACE, and to analyze if this incidence is associated with the level of drug adherence. Adherence to drug treatment has shown better results in terms of risk reduction of MACE, so we expect to find that adherent patients have a lower risk of the primary endpoints in comparison with nonadherent patients.
Discussion
We expect to find that adherent patients have a lower risk of the primary endpoints in comparison with nonadherent patients.
Selection bias is a common limitation in observational studies. In order to avoid this bias, where the population with missing data differs from those with complete data, missing values for continuous variables will be imputed instead of excluding records with missing data.
Another limitation is the presence of potential confounders. To minimize confounders’ effects, Cox regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and for possible confounders and predictive factors will be used.
Acknowledgments
This study obtained funding for the elaboration of the operative protocol and the data extraction from SIDIAP database at the “6ª convocatòria d’ajuts SIDIAP, 2016” in March 2017.
Abbreviations
- ACEI
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- ACS
acute coronary syndrome
- AEMPS
agencia Española de medicamentos y productos sanitarios
- AMI
acute myocardial infarction
- ARB
angiotensin-receptor blockers
- ATC
anatomical, therapeutic, chemical classification system
- BMI
body mass index
- BP
blood pressure
- CHD
coronary heart disease
- CMBD-HA
conjunt mínim bàsic de dades a d’hospitalizació d’aguts (minimum dataset of
- CVD
cardiovascular disease
- ECAP
electronic health records in PHC
- ENCePP
European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance
- GP
general practitioner
- HR
hazard ratio
- ICD
International classification of diseases
- ICS
Catalan Health Institute (Institut Català de la Salut)
- IDIAP
Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària
- IQR
interquartile range
- MACE
major cardiovascular events
- PDC
proportion of days covered
- PHC
primary healthcare
- SIDIAP
Information System for the Improvement of Research in Primary Care
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: None declared.
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