Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristics | Population 1 | Population 2 | Population 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N=2592) | β‐Blocker Yes (N=1880) | β‐Blocker No (N=712) | P Value | β‐Blocker Yes (N=1348) | β‐Blocker No (N=598) | P Value | β‐Blocker Yes (N=752) | β‐Blocker No (N=427) | P Value | |
| Age, y | 62.6±13.5 | 61.7±13.3 | 64.9±13.7 | <0.001 | 60.6±13.0 | 63.9±13.4 | <0.001 | 59.3±12.8 | 62.7±13.1 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, % | 76.5 | 77.4 | 74.0 | 0.079 | 79.2 | 74.1 | 0.016 | 80.3 | 78.5 | 0.491 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 28.0 | 27.0 | 30.7 | 0.070 | 24.9 | 33.2 | <0.001 | 24.5 | 28.1 | 0.193 |
| Hypertension, % | 51.6 | 51.1 | 51.9 | 0.888 | 50.2 | 51.5 | 0.625 | 49.7 | 46.8 | 0.371 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 23.1 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 0.798 | 23.5 | 27.3 | 0.077 | 26.4 | 25.8 | 0.875 |
| Previous MI, % | ||||||||||
| >30 d | 4.6 | 4.1 | 6.1 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 6.1 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 5.2 | 0.3 |
| 7–30 d | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 95 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 03 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 25 |
| Heart failure, % | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.027 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.507 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.262 |
| Stroke, % | 6.2 | 5.4 | 8.1 | 0.013 | 4.9 | 7.5 | 0.027 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 1.000 |
| Previous CVD, % | 12.1 | 11.0 | 15.0 | 0.007 | 9.7 | 14.6 | 0.002 | 11.2 | 12.7 | 0.498 |
| Smoking, % | ||||||||||
| Current | 42.7 | 43.4 | 40.8 | 0.112 | 46.2 | 39.7 | 0.028 | 46.7 | 43.3 | 0.149 |
| Former | 25.2 | 24.0 | 28.0 | 24.1 | 27.9 | 24.4 | 29.6 | |||
| Never | 32.2 | 32.6 | 31.2 | 29.7 | 32.3 | 28.8 | 27.1 | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.3±3.5 | 24.4±3.5 | 23.7±3.6 | <0.001 | 24.6±3.4 | 23.9±3.4 | <0.001 | 24.8±3.4 | 24.0±3.2 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 73.5±14.3 | 72.8±13.5 | 75.5±16.2 | <0.001 | 66.6±11.3 | 70.2±13.1 | <0.001 | 68.1±12.2 | 70.2±13.2 | 0.038 |
| STEMI, % | 51.16 | 51.2 | 50.7 | 0.857 | 55.2 | 48.0 | 0.004 | 59.8 | 51.8 | 0.009 |
| Multivessel disease, % | 68.4 | 67.3 | 71.2 | 0.074 | 33.6 | 29.8 | 0.130 | 70.7 | 71.8 | 0.752 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 123.5±16.3 | 116.6±15.4 | 114.4±15.8 | 0.002 | 123.7±16.4 | 123.0±15.8 | 0.428 | 124.6±14.6 | 123.9±16.8 | 0.520 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 73.4±9.8 | 66.6±10.4 | 64.7±10.0 | <0.001 | 73.9±9.7 | 72.4±9.8 | 0.006 | 75.2±8.9 | 73.4±9.2 | 0.003 |
| Medication, % | ||||||||||
| Aspirin | 99.2 | 99.7 | 98.0 | <0.001 | 97.4 | 75.6 | <0.001 | 92.2 | 71.2 | <0.001 |
| P2Y12 | 95.8 | 97.7 | 90.4 | <0.001 | 77.5 | 54.3 | <0.001 | 51.2 | 37.5 | <0.001 |
| Warfarin | 4.0 | 3.3 | 5.9 | 0.004 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 0.173 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 0.872 |
| RAS inhibitor | 79.5 | 83.6 | 68.5 | <0.001 | 83.6 | 61.9 | <0.001 | 82.2 | 59.0 | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 26.6 | 21.9 | 39.0 | <0.001 | 27.9 | 28.1 | 0.971 | 27.1 | 23.4 | 0.184 |
| CCB | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 1.000 | 32.1 | 25.3 | 0.003 | 31.1 | 23.7 | 0.008 |
| Statin | 88.0 | 91.9 | 77.7 | <0.001 | 96.4 | 71.4 | <0.001 | 96.4 | 71.7 | <0.001 |
| Echocardiography | ||||||||||
| EF, % | 53.2±10.8 | 53.7±10.2 | 51.7±12.2 | <0.001 | 54.2±9.9 | 52.8±11.1 | 0.008 | 53.9±9.5 | 53.9±10.0 | 0.962 |
| EF <40%, % | 12.4 | 10.0 | 18.7 | <0.001 | 8.8 | 14.9 | <0.001 | 9.3 | 10.1 | 0.746 |
| LVEDD, mm | 48.8±5.7 | 48.5±5.3 | 49.5±6.6 | <0.001 | 48.8±5.1 | 49.3±6.0 | 0.103 | 49.1±5.2 | 49.2±5.4 | 0.813 |
| LVESD, mm | 33.3±6.6 | 33.0±6.3 | 34.1±7.5 | 0.001 | 33.0±6.2 | 33.4±6.9 | 0.222 | 33.2±6.1 | 32.8±6.1 | 0.329 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.15±1.05 | 1.1±1.0 | 1.2±1.1 | 0.005 | 1.1±0.8 | 1.2±1.3 | 0.003 | 1.1±0.9 | 1.1±0.7 | 0.991 |
| GFR, mL/min per 1.72 m2 | 77.9±34.2 | 79.6±33.3 | 71.9±36.5 | <0.001 | 80.8±33.9 | 72.9±32.5 | <0.001 | 72.5±28.5 | 69.0±23.8 | 0.077 |
| Troponin I | 75.5±116.4 | 75.6±112.0 | 75.2±127.4 | 0.947 | 78.4±112.8 | 69.0±113.4 | 0.092 | 83.5±110.3 | 71.9±117.2 | 0.094 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/L | 2588±8184 | 2062±6844 | 3882±10 693 | <0.001 | 1690±6571 | 3260±10 625 | 0.003 | 1334±10 451 | 2282±10 451 | 0.098 |
| CK‐MB, mg/dL | 66.9±123.7 | 65.1±120.9 | 71.6±130.7 | 0.254 | 71.7±129.4 | 69.8±129.7 | 0.757 | 79.6±136.7 | 69.6±133.9 | 0.222 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 1.2±3.2 | 1.0±2.8 | 1.8±3.9 | <0.001 | 0.9±2.5 | 1.3±2.9 | 0.012 | 0.9±2.2 | 1.1±2.9 | 0.132 |
| Hs‐CRP, mg/dL | 4.9±6.4 | 4.2±6.0 | 6.2±7.1 | <0.001 | 3.8±5.8 | 5.1±6.2 | 0.005 | 3.6±5.8 | 4.7±6.2 | 0.038 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 173.8±42.8 | 175.9±42.9 | 168.3±42.3 | <0.001 | 179.7±42.8 | 169.2±40.1 | <0.001 | 183.0±42.2 | 175.3±39.7 | 0.003 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 43.7±10.9 | 43.5±10.6 | 44.1±11.5 | 0.218 | 43.5±10.7 | 43.4±11.0 | 0.825 | 43.8±10.8 | 44.0±11.5 | 0.712 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 107.4±36.8 | 110.0±37.8 | 99.8±32.6 | <0.001 | 113.1±37.9 | 99.7±33.1 | <0.001 | 111.5±38.0 | 103.0±32.0 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 140.1±120.5 | 146.7±129.3 | 121.8±89.6 | <0.001 | 144.3±125.1 | 127.7±102.4 | 0.003 | 143.8±124.2 | 123.8±93.3 | 0.002 |
| Treatment | ||||||||||
| None | 8.1 | 5.6 | 14.5 | <0.001 | 4.1 | 10.5 | <0.001 | 2.7 | 9.6 | <0.001 |
| Thrombolysis | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 5.9 | 4.2 | |||
| PCI | 81.1 | 85.7 | 68.8 | 85.3 | 76.8 | 86.3 | 78.7 | |||
| CABG | 6.8 | 4.5 | 12.8 | 5.7 | 9.2 | 5.2 | 7.5 | |||
Data are given as mean±SD unless otherwise indicated. BMI indicates body mass index; BP, blood pressure; bpm, beats/min; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CK‐MB, creatine kinase‐muscle/brain; CRP, C‐reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EF, ejection fraction; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; Hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity CRP; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter; MI, myocardial infarction; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RAS, renin‐angiotensin system; and STEMI, ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction.