Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients Subdivided According to h/d Physical Activity Measured by the Device
| Characteristics | General Population | Propensity Score Matched | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Activity (<3.5 h/d) (n=387) | High Activity (≥3.5 h/d) (n=383) | P Value | Low Activity (<3.5 h/d) (n=223) | High Activity (≥3.5 h/d) (n=223) | P Value | |
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Male, n (%) | 251 (64.9) | 260 (67.9) | 0.374 | 133 (59.6) | 141 (63.2) | 0.436 |
| Age, y, mean+SD | 70.1±12.5 | 60.8±14.0 | <0.001 | 66.4±13.1 | 64.4±13 | 0.105 |
| LVEF in %, mean±SD | 34.4±11.0 | 36.2±13.2 | 0.034 | 35.4±11.8 | 35.1±12.3 | 0.839 |
| Mean (±SD) NYHA class | 2.2±0.8 | 2.0±0.7 | <0.001 | 2.0±0.7 | 2.0±0.7 | 0.838 |
| NYHA class, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.998 | ||||
| I | 56 (14.5) | 72 (18.8) | 39 (17.5) | 38 (17.0) | ||
| II | 208 (53.7) | 243 (63.4) | 136 (61.0) | 138 (61.9) | ||
| III | 114 (29.5) | 66 (17.2) | 47 (21.1) | 46 (20.6) | ||
| IV | 9 (2.3) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| CHA2DS2‐VASc score, mean±SD | 4±1.5 | 3.1±1.6 | <0.001 | 3.6±1.6 | 3.4±1.6 | 0.192 |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc score, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.346 | ||||
| 0 (low risk) | 6 (1.6) | 19 (5.0) | 4 (1.8) | 8 (3.6) | ||
| 1 (intermediate risk) | 22 (5.7) | 57 (14.9) | 19 (8.5) | 24 (10.8) | ||
| 2 to 9 (high risk) | 359 (92.8) | 307 (80.2) | 200 (89.7) | 191 (85.7) | ||
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy, n (%) | 233 (60.2) | 168 (43.9) | <0.001 | 104 (46.6) | 104 (46.6) | 1.000 |
| Daily physical activity in h/d, mean±SD | 2.1±0.9 | 6.3±3.7 | <0.001 | 2.1±0.9 | 5.5±2.2 | <0.001 |
| Etiology, n (%) | 0.005 | 0.232 | ||||
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 193 (49.9) | 154 (40.2) | 103 (46.2) | 87 (39.0) | ||
| Nonischemic cardiomyopathy | 146 (37.7) | 154 (40.2) | 84 (37.7) | 101 (45.3) | ||
| Other | 48 (12.4) | 75 (19.6) | 36 (16.1) | 35 (15.7) | ||
| Indication for ICD, n (%) | 0.009 | 0.842 | ||||
| Primary prevention | 350 (90.5) | 365 (95.3) | 209 (93.7) | 210 (94.2) | ||
| Secondary prevention | 37 (9.6) | 18 (4.7) | 14 (6.3) | 13 (5.8) | ||
| Associated disorders | ||||||
| Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 294 (76.0) | 276 (72.1) | 0.216 | 160 (71.7) | 163 (73.1) | 0.751 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 145 (37.5) | 118 (30.8) | 0.051 | 77 (34.5) | 71 (31.8) | 0.546 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 243 (62.8) | 233 (60.8) | 0.577 | 137 (61.4) | 134 (60.1) | 0.771 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 108 (27.9) | 119 (31.1) | 0.336 | 72 (32.3) | 63 (28.3) | 0.353 |
| Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 134 (34.6) | 71 (18.5) | <0.001 | 53 (23.8) | 49 (22.0) | 0.652 |
| COPD, n (%) | 97 (25.1) | 105 (27.4) | 0.459 | 59 (26.5) | 60 (26.9) | 0.915 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) | 46 (11.9) | 28 (7.3) | 0.031 | 22 (9.9) | 16 (7.2) | 0.309 |
| Previous stroke/TIA, n (%) | 35 (9.0) | 18 (4.7) | 0.017 | 18 (8.1) | 11 (4.9) | 0.179 |
| Paroxysmal/persistent AF, n (%) | 59 (15.2) | 54 (14.1) | 0.653 | 30 (13.5) | 33 (14.8) | 0.683 |
| CAD, n (%) | 181 (46.8) | 140 (36.6) | 0.004 | 96 (43.0) | 82 (36.8) | 0.176 |
| Previous PCI n (%) | 106 (27.4) | 120 (31.3) | 0.230 | 57 (25.6) | 64 (28.7) | 0.456 |
| Previous CABG n (%) | 85 (22.0) | 47 (12.3) | <0.001 | 37 (16.6) | 26 (11.7) | 0.135 |
| Cardiovascular medications | ||||||
| Beta‐blockers, n (%) | 364 (94.1) | 355 (92.7) | 0.446 | 210 (94.2) | 206 (92.4) | 0.450 |
| ACE‐Is/ARBs, n (%) | 309 (79.8) | 322 (84.1) | 0.127 | 197 (88.3) | 198 (88.8) | 0.882 |
| Furosemide, n (%) | 325 (84.0) | 267 (69.7) | <0.001 | 182 (81.6) | 183 (82.1) | 0.902 |
| Statins, n (%) | 219 (56.6) | 215 (56.1) | 0.899 | 132 (59.2) | 125 (56.1) | 0.502 |
| Antiplatelet drugs, n (%) | 258 (66.7) | 272 (71.0) | 0.192 | 159 (71.3) | 158 (70.9) | 0.917 |
| Ivabradine, n (%) | 32 (8.3) | 55 (14.4) | 0.008 | 22 (9.9) | 21 (9.4) | 0.873 |
| MRAs, n (%) | 239 (61.8) | 212 (55.4) | 0.071 | 129 (57.8) | 147 (65.9) | 0.079 |
| Amiodarone, n (%) | 127 (32.8) | 83 (21.7) | <0.001 | 64 (28.7) | 49 (22.0) | 0.102 |
| Oral anticoagulants, n (%) | 83 (21.4) | 69 (18.0) | 0.232 | 47 (21.1) | 43 (19.3) | 0.637 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 27 (7.0) | 24 (6.3) | 0.692 | 15 (6.7) | 13 (5.8) | 0.696 |
| Other AADs, n (%) | 3 (0.8) | 7 (1.8) | 0.197 | 2 (0.9) | 5 (2.2) | 0.253 |
AAD indicates antiarrhythmic drug; ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG, coronary arterial bypass graft; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA, transient ischemic attack.