Fig. 3.

Chronic alcohol use alters individual OTU relative abundances of upper and lower airway microbiota. Taxa with significantly different relative abundance in AUD cohorts compared with controls at each distinct biogeographical site [gargle (A), brush (B), and BAL (C)] were determined using DESeq2. Bars represent the mean log2 fold change in relative abundance ± SE for AUD subjects compared with healthy controls as determined by DESeq2 analysis. All taxa are significantly differentially abundant following correction for multiple comparisons (Q < 0.05). Repeated taxonomic classifications represent different OTUs.