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Growth inhibition of E. coli due to the presence of lignin-derived aromatics. E. coli strain DH1 is selected as an expression host in this study, which is a derivative of strain MM294 with mutated alleles recA1 and gyrA96 to increase the expression plasmid stability. E. coli DH1 growth curves in the presence of different concentrations of (A) vanillic acid, (B) catechol, and (C) vanillin.
