Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of adults with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury, stratified by pre-admission proteinuria level. P-values compare results across the four proteinuria groups.
| Characteristic | Overall (N=5347) | Negative/Trace (N=876) | 1+ (N=930) | ≥2+ (N=1827) | Unknown (N=1714) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, Mean (±SD) | 66.2 (±14.0) | 67.9 (±13.6) | 69.0 (±12.9) | 66.1 (±13.3) | 63.8 (±15.1) | <0.001 |
| Male gender, N (%) | 3143 (58.8) | 476 (54.3) | 543 (58.4) | 1079 (59.1) | 1045 (61.0) | <0.05 |
| Self-reported race, N (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| White | 2676 (50.0) | 541 (61.8) | 478 (51.4) | 682 (37.3) | 975 (56.9) | |
| Black/African American | 752 (14.1) | 95 (10.8) | 126 (13.5) | 331 (18.1) | 200 (11.7) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 762 (14.3) | 75 (8.6) | 107 (11.5) | 367 (20.1) | 213 (12.4) | |
| Other/Unknown | 1157 (21.6) | 165 (18.8) | 219 (23.5) | 447 (24.5) | 326 (19.0) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity, N (%) | 962 (18.0) | 140 (16.0) | 179 (19.2) | 374 (20.5) | 269 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| Medical history, N (%) | ||||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 332 (6.2) | 47 (5.4) | 75 (8.1) | 147 (8.0) | 63 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 1803 (33.7) | 344 (39.3) | 376 (40.4) | 754 (41.3) | 329 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic stroke or TIA | 242 (4.5) | 33 (3.8) | 47 (5.1) | 113 (6.2) | 49 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Mitral and/or aortic valvular disease | 760 (14.2) | 191 (21.8) | 170 (18.3) | 217 (11.9) | 182 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Atrial flutter or fibrillation | 1050 (19.6) | 259 (29.6) | 236 (25.4) | 319 (17.5) | 236 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft surgery | 99 (1.9) | 22 (2.5) | 16 (1.7) | 39 (2.1) | 22 (1.3) | 0.11 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 243 (4.5) | 39 (4.5) | 49 (5.3) | 99 (5.4) | 56 (3.3) | <0.05 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3031 (56.7) | 459 (52.4) | 566 (60.9) | 1392 (76.2) | 614 (35.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 4398 (82.3) | 716 (81.7) | 818 (88.0) | 1732 (94.8) | 1132 (66.0) | <0.001 |
| Cirrhosis | 389 (7.3) | 106 (12.1) | 78 (8.4) | 49 (2.7) | 156 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1629 (30.5) | 335 (38.2) | 296 (31.8) | 559 (30.6) | 439 (25.6) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, N (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Current Smoker | 490 (9.2) | 48 (5.5) | 70 (7.5) | 876 (47.9) | 215 (12.5) | |
| Former smoker | 2294 (42.9) | 423 (48.3) | 436 (46.9) | 794 (43.5) | 641 (37.4) | |
| Nonsmoker | 2563 (47.9) | 405 (46.2) | 424 (45.6) | 157 (8.6) | 858 (50.1) | |
| Medication use, N (%) | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor | 1545 (28.9) | 240 (27.4) | 299 (32.2) | 458 (25.1) | 548 (32.0) | <0.001 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 830 (15.5) | 156 (17.8) | 170 (18.3) | 319 (17.5) | 185 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| Beta blocker | 2957 (55.3) | 495 (56.5) | 574 (61.7) | 1203 (65.8) | 685 (40.0) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 1957 (36.6) | 218 (24.9) | 356 (38.3) | 1059 (58.0) | 324 (18.9) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic | 3294 (61.6) | 601 (68.6) | 616 (66.2) | 1273 (69.7) | 804 (46.9) | <0.001 |
| Alpha blocker | 1028 (19.2) | 145 (16.6) | 188 (20.2) | 540 (29.6) | 155 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonist | 442 (8.3) | 135 (15.4) | 83 (8.9) | 70 (3.8) | 154 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| Nitrate | 832 (15.6) | 147 (16.8) | 166 (17.8) | 380 (20.8) | 139 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 3049 (57.0) | 487 (55.6) | 566 (60.9) | 1236 (67.7) | 760 (44.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 360 (6.7) | 61 (7.0) | 59 (6.3) | 60 (3.3) | 180 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Short Term Mortality Score50, N (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| <0.001 | 20 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 16 (0.9) | |
| 0.001–0.005 | 178 (3.3) | 23 (2.6) | 28 (3.0) | 50 (2.7) | 77 (4.5) | |
| 0.005–0.02 | 982 (18.4) | 127 (14.5) | 148 (15.9) | 434 (23.8) | 273 (15.9) | |
| 0.02–0.05 | 1190 (22.3) | 189 (21.6) | 192 (20.6) | 503 (27.5) | 306 (17.9) | |
| 0.05–0.10 | 748 (14.0) | 160 (18.3) | 143 (15.4) | 247 (13.5) | 198 (11.6) | |
| 0.10–0.15 | 349 (6.5) | 65 (7.4) | 68 (7.3) | 105 (5.7) | 111 (6.5) | |
| 0.15–0.30 | 417 (7.8) | 65 (7.4) | 83 (8.9) | 118 (6.5) | 151 (8.8) | |
| >=0.30 | 454 (8.5) | 75 (8.6) | 85 (9.1) | 98 (5.4) | 196 (11.4) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, Mean (±SD) | 30.8 (±8.3) | 30.6 (±8.3) | 30.4 (±8.2) | 31.2 (±8.3) | 30.6 (±8.3) | 0.05 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, Mean (±SD) | 128.5 (±22.7) | 120.9 (±21.1) | 124.2 (±20.7) | 138.0 (±23.7) | 124.2 (±19.8) | <0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73m2 | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 30.3 (14.3–60.0) | 42.6 (24.6–70.5) | 31.1 (15.6–53.6) | 14.9 (9.9–25.3) | 58.8 (35.8–83.2) | <0.001 |
| Missing or prior renal transplant, N (%) | 611 (11.4) | 52 (5.9) | 47 (5.1) | 89 (4.9) | 423 (24.7) | |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL, Mean (±SD) | 2.8 (±2.4) | 1.9 (±1.4) | 2.6 (±2.1) | 4.1 (±2.7) | 1.8 (±2.0) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L, Mean (±SD) | 11.2 (±2.1) | 11.4 (±2.0) | 11.1 (±2.0) | 10.6 (±1.9) | 12.1 (±2.3) | <0.001 |