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. 2017 Mar 24;175(8):1217–1229. doi: 10.1111/bph.13753

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Metformin inhibits AngII‐induced TGFβ1 production in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) via AMPK activation. CFs were pretreated with Compound C (1 μM) for 0.5 h, and metformin (1 mM) was applied for an additional 2 h. Next, AngII (1 μM) was applied for 24 h before harvesting. (A) TGFβ1 mRNA expression was determined via real‐time PCR analysis. (B) TGFβ1 protein contents were determined via western blot analysis. (C) Real‐time PCR analysis of TGFβ1 mRNA expression in AMPKα2−/− CFs treated with AngII and/or metformin. (D) Western blot analysis of TGFβ1 expression in AMPKα2−/− CFs treated with AngII and/or metformin. Data are expressed as means ± SEM from five independent experiments. *P < 0.05, NS = not significant. One‐way ANOVA (A and B) or two‐way ANOVA (C) with the Bonferroni post hoc test was used. Welch's ANOVA with post hoc Games–Howell test was used in (D).