Table 1.
Some definitions for food‐derived products
| Food supplement (United States Government Office, 1994) | A product (other than tobacco) in the form of a capsule, powder, softgel or gelcap intended to supplement the diet to enhance health that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, or other botanical or dietary substance. | United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1994. United States. Public Law 103–417, available at FDA Website: http://www.fda.gov. [42] |
| Food supplement (EU, 2002) | Food product whose purpose is to supplement the normal diet and which consists of a concentrated source of nutrients or other substances with nutritional effects or physiological, single or in combination, marketed in dosed formulations, such as capsules, tablets, tablets or pills, designed to be taken in small individual quantities measured. | EU Directive 2002/46/EC [17] |
| Phytochemical (Bloch and Thomson, 1995) | Substances found in edible fruit and vegetables that can be ingested daily (in quantities of grams) by humans and that exhibit a potential to favourably modulate human metabolism to prevent cancer and other diseases (isoflavones, resveratrol, garlic allyl sulphides, tomato lycopene, onion quercetin etc.). | Bloch A, Thomson CA. Position of The American Dietetic Association (phytochemicals and functional foods). J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 493–496. [74] |
| Nutraceuticals (De Felice, 1995) | Food or part of food that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of a disease. | DeFelice SL. The nutraceutical revolution: its impact on food industry R&D. Trends Food Sci Technol 1995; 6: 59–61. [2] |
| Nutraceuticals (Zeisel, 1999; DSHEA, 1994) | A diet supplement that delivers a concentrated form of a biologically active component of food in a nonfood matrix to enhance health. | Zeisel SH. Regulation of “Nutraceuticals”. Science. 1999: 285; 1853–5. Food and Drug Administration, FDA, Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), United States. [75] |
| Nutraceuticals (Brower, 1998) | Any substance that is a food or a part of a food and is able to induce medical and health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. | Brower V. Nat Biotechnol 1998; 16: 728. [76] |
| Nutraceuticals (Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2015) | A foodstuff (as a fortified food or dietary supplement) that provides health benefits in addition to its basic nutritional. | Merriam‐Webster Online Dictionary. 2015. Merriam‐Webster Inc., P.O. Box 281, Springfield, MA 01102, United States. [77] |
| Nutraceuticals (ENA, 2016) | Nutritional products that provide health and medical benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease. | European Nutraceutical Association (ENA). 2016. Science behind Nutraceuticals. In E. N. Association (Ed.), (Vol. 2016). 594 Basel, Switzerland. [78] |
| Functional food (Zeisel, 1999) | Nutrient consumed as part of a normal diet but delivering one or more active ingredients (that have physiological effects and may enhance health) within the food matrix. | Zeisel SH. Regulation of “Nutraceuticals”. Science 1999: 285; 1853–5. Food and Drug Administration, FDA, Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), United States. [79] |
| Functional food (Diplock et al., 1999) | Product which is shown in a satisfactory manner that, in addition to adequate nutritional effects, induces beneficial effects on one or more target functions of the organism, significantly improving the health status and welfare or reducing the risk of disease. | Diplock A, Aggett P, Ashwell M, Bornet F, Fern E, Roberfroid M. The European Commission concerted action on functional foods science in Europe (FUFOSE). Scientific concepts of functional foods in Europe. Consensus document. Br J Nutr 1999; 81: S1–S27. [80] |
| Functional food (Hardy, 2000) | Any food or ingredient that has a positive impact on an individual's health, physical performance, or state of mind, in addition to its nutritive value. | Hardy G. Nutraceuticals and functional foods: introduction and meaning. Nutrition 2000; 16: 688–689. [81] |
| Food for medical use (EU, 1999) | Complete nutritional food with a formulation of nutrients standards, which may constitute the sole source nutrition for the person to whom it is addressed. Or alternatively: complete nutritional food with a formulation of nutrient adapted to a specific disease, disorder or medical condition, which may constitute the only source of nutrition for the person to whom it is addressed. Or alternatively: nutritionally incomplete food with a formulation standard nutrients or adapted for a specific disease, disorder or medical condition, which it is not suitable to be used as the only source of nutrition. | EU Directive 1999/21/ EC. [82] |