Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants with diagnosed diabetes by chronic kidney disease (CKD) categories, ARIC Visit 5 (2011–2013)
| Variable | CKD Categories | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| No CKD | Moderate CKD | Severe CKD | Very Severe CKD | |
| N=724 | N=464 | N=268 | N=209 | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 74.9 (4.7) | 76.4 (5.1) | 77.2 (5.4) | 78.3 (5.6) |
| Female, % | 52.2 | 56.3 | 58.6 | 49.3 |
| Black, % | 30.5 | 28.2 | 24.1 | 27.3 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), % | ||||
| <25 | 17.4 | 13.5 | 14.5 | 13.2 |
| 25–<30 | 35.7 | 38.8 | 32.2 | 35.6 |
| ≥30 | 46.9 | 47.7 | 53.3 | 51.2 |
| Hypertension†, % | 80.3 | 88.1 | 89.9 | 95.1 |
| Cholesterol lowering med, % | 69.6 | 71.8 | 73.5 | 75.1 |
| Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 9.4 (5.5) | 10.6 (6.3) | 12.2 (6.2) | 13.2 (6.8) |
| Diabetes medication use, % | ||||
| None | 41.3 | 37.5 | 33.7 | 32.7 |
| Oral medication only | 49.0 | 45.9 | 44.8 | 41.5 |
| Insulin only | 3.2 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 13.7 |
| Oral and insulin use | 6.0 | 6.4 | 12.3 | 11.2 |
| Hemoglobin (g/l), mean (SD) | 133.9 (13.6) | 130.7 (14.3) | 127.7 (24.4) | 123.1 (16.3) |
| Anemia‡, % | 21.0 | 30.6 | 43.7 | 54.6 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L), median (Q1–Q3) | 6.8 (6.0–8.1) | 6.9 (5.9–8.3) | 7.0 (6.0–8.3) | 6.8 (5.6–8.5) |
| HbA1c (%), median (Q1–Q3) | 6.3 (5.8–6.9) | 6.4 (5.9–7.2) | 6.5 (6.0–7.3) | 6.4 (6.0–7.4) |
| Glycated albumin (%), median (Q1–Q3) | 14.5 (13.1–16.6) | 14.9 (13.2–17.3) | 15.4 (13.8–17.7) | 15.7 (13.7–19.1) |
| Fructosamine (umol/L), median (Q1–Q3) | 249.8 (229.1–277.3) | 251.8 (230.5–282.6) | 259.5 (236.5–291.8) | 264.4 (240.2–297.4) |
†
Hypertension was defined as a mean systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg or mean diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mmHg or current anti-hypertension medication use.
‡
Anemia was defined using sex-specific cut-points of hemoglobin 130 g/L for men and 120 g/l for women.
Note: Chronic kidney disease staging was done using the KDIGO 2012 guidelines with eGFR and albumin-to-creatinine ratio.