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. 2018 Mar 19;9:233. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00233

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Copyright © 2018 Li, van Esch, Henricks, Garssen and Folkerts.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effects of propionate on LPS- and TNFα induced VCAM-1 expression. (A,B) The effects of propionate on LPS or TNFα induced ICAM-1 expression. (C,D) The effects of propionate on LPS or TNFα induced VCAM-1 expression. N = 3, ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 compared with control group. ^###p < 0.001 compared with LPS or TNFα group.